Public Health Characteristics

Various individuals see fluctuating pictures undoubtedly. In addition, it can infer various thoughts relying upon the setting utilized. In the United States, there are different general wellbeing recognitions. General wellbeing alludes to the study of improving and guarding people’s health.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Public Health Characteristics explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is accomplished through procedures, for example, inquire about on sicknesses, upgrading solid ways of life, forestalling injury, and making mindfulness. General wellbeing specialists play an extraordinary obligation in surveying how nature, individual choices, and hereditary qualities impact wellbeing. Through the appraisal, they can think of systems for guarding social orders, families, and people. Open Health’s Contribution towards Improvement of Quality of Life and Health Status because of general wellbeing, people can live for longer period s. This is ascribed to the way that general wellbeing manages making mindfulness about the techniques that are best in forestalling ailments. Furthermore, people are prompted on suitable weight control plans, which advance sound safe frameworks. At the point when individuals know about anticipation of ailments and the noteworthiness of supplements in the body, they can take fitting measures, which protracts their lives. General wellbeing likewise manages ecological security. This guarantees air, land, and water contamination are forestalled. A spotless domain is indispensable for guaranteeing that water-borne and air-borne illnesses are forestalled (Webster, 2001). Therefore, this guarantees sound networks. General wellbeing is critical in guaranteeing more secure births. General wellbeing specialists advocate for better maternal and wellbeing administrations that involves the consideration of all age gatherings. The powerless gatherings, for example, youngsters matured under five y ears, hopeful and lactating moms, individuals experiencing incessant sicknesses, and HIV/AIDS casualties have their wellbeing needs thought about exhaustively. Thus, eager moms are ensured more secure births. Kids matured under five years, hopeful and lactating moms are given exhaustive medicinal services programs, which decrease maternal and newborn child mortality and bleakness. Authentic Phenomena Responsible for Public Health Responses’ Development A Quarantine alludes to a general wellbeing arrangement that was worked on during the fourteenth century. Different isolate frameworks were created as a technique of confining product and explorers accepted to be originating from contaminated locales. A dominant part of the urban specialists worked cordon sanitaire, which had exacting guidelines. These controls strategies were polished until the nineteenth century. This was especially during episodes, for example, cholera, measles, and chicken pox. In addition, the control stra tegies were planned for ensuring the wellbeing of individuals (Griffiths Hunter, 1999).Advertising Looking for paper on wellbeing medication? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the second quarter of the nineteenth century, â€Å"state medicine† was utilized. Through the ‘sanitary idea’, a predominant general wellbeing organization would be built up to guarantee that nearby specialists gave suitable road cleaning, sewers, and channels. Besides, there would be natural guideline of hostile organizations, annoyances, and lodging. Particular and Unique Public Health Features Public wellbeing gives isolate a critical job most definitely. The development of individuals and merchandise can go about as a method of moving general wellbeing perils. Along these lines, general wellbeing guarantees sharp observation. General wellbeing depends intensely on making and transmitting data on infection avoidance. There is a key worry that each individual has an incredible job in shielding their wellbeing, which advances a solid network. General wellbeing considers the destruction of smallpox an incredible achievement. Thusly, inoculation is a key general wellbeing highlight (Webster, 2001). References Griffiths, S., Hunter, D. J. (1999). Points of view in Public Health. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press. Webster, C. (2001). Thinking about wellbeing: History and assorted variety (third ed.). Buckingham: Open University Press. This paper on Public Health Characteristics was composed and put together by client Lawrence Walsh to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Venture - Essay Example Venture A). The markdown rate is the financing cost that is utilized in the assurance of the current estimation of all the future incomes. It tends to be taken as the financing costs that the banks acquire for their loaning from the government bank or the rate at which banks charge different banks for the time being borrowings. The rebate rate is controlled by a few variables. First is the general monetary conditions for example the rebate rate will increment during periods in which the swelling rates are high or when the outside trade rates are unpredictable (Bierman and Smidt, 2004). The second factor that impacts this rate is the attractiveness of a firm’s security. Firms whose protections are on appeal will encounter a decrease in their rebate rates. b) Product 1 pace of return The absolute profit in a year= 1.5*4=6 Year 1 pace of return= 1+discount/ostensible price*100 =1+6/100*100%=7% Year 2-4 rater of return= 6/100*100%=6% Year 5 pace of return= 6+6.4/100*100%=12.4% Normal pace of return= ((7+6+6+6+12.4)%)/(5 Years) =7.48% Item 2 pace of return= ostensible loan cost =6% Item 3 pace of return Year 1 pace of return=(7-2(premium))/100*100%= 5% Back 2 and 3 return= ostensible rate = 7% Item pace of return= ((5+7+7))/3=6.33% Item 1 looks progressively appealing in light of the fact that it has the most noteworthy pace of return contrasted with item 2 and 3.

Mongolia Tourism Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mongolia Tourism Article - Essay Example The results of the investigation were used in making proposals to the Mongolian the travel industry expert on productive focusing of its universal the travel industry market and improvement of the travel industry benefits in the nation. 2. Various elements have affected the development of global the travel industry in Mongolia. The breakdown of the eastern European socialism framework, poor financial conditions, timberland fires and unfriendly climate conditions made worldwide the travel industry in Mongolia to disintegrate somewhere in the range of 1990 and 1997. Business exercises brought sightseers from China and Russia Federation across Mongolia and this prompted a sharp improvement in Mongolian universal the travel industry in 1998. Different components that improved the travel industry in Mongolia incorporate great visa guidelines that empowered visitors to get visas at the Mongolian outskirt. The National Tourism Board that was proclaimed in 1995 helped showcase Mongolia as a positive the travel industry goal. Businessmen from Korea and Japan who worked in Mongolia spread news back in their nations of origin about Mongolia. The web helped bring issues to light about Mongolia, expanded openness to travel publi cizing and reservations and made them less expensive. The great impression that Mongolia made in its initial Japanese and Korean guests was another factor in the improvement of the travel industry in the nation (Yu and Goulden, 2006). 3. Intellectual measurement is one of the develops through which the travel industry fulfillment can be seen. The measurement involves tourists’ involvement in administrations. Tourists’ response to support execution is caught in the full of feeling measurement of the travel industry. Foundational measurement of the travel industry expresses the dissimilarity between the administrations that sightseers expect and things that they get while on the ground. The multifaceted elements of the travel industry stress the effect that social contrast has on tourists’ view of administration conveyance and quality. The measurement figures that the contrast between the

Product Level Planning

Chapter by chapter guide Executive Summary 2 Market examination 3 SWOT Analysis 4-7 Objectives 7 Marketing Strategy 8 Action Program 9 Financial Projection 10 Feedback and Control 10 Conclusion 11 References 11 Executive Summery Cement Industry is exceptionally significant portion of Bangladesh’s Industrial segment and Plays an indispensable job in financial development.Although concrete industry of Bangladesh has seen its ups and down in late past yet in a decade ago it has recouped and now it’s an independent industry of Bangladesh not just satisfying household needs of Bangladesh likewise trading an enormous measure of concrete to different nations, bringing remote stores and help in up lifting Bangladesh’s GDP. Bangladesh is presently working at their greatest limit because of the blast in business and modern development inside Bangladesh.In this report I have chosen ‘Anchor' concrete, Olympic Cement Ltd (OCL) of ‘Khansons Group’ essentiall y called dark concrete and we will portray how they do item anticipating that? Khansons Group has broadened its modern field by setting up a clinker granulating concrete plant named as ‘Olympic Cement Ltd'. The plant is situated at Rupatoli, Barisal all in succession alongside its material ventures. The completed item (concrete) has been marked as ‘Anchor' and the equivalent has gotten famous in the nearby market. This concrete task started its underlying creation at 800 tpd and bit by bit expanded the creation to the degree of 1,600 tpd.Olympic Cement Ltd (OCL) is one and just concrete processing plant which has focused to satisfy the whole need of concrete in Southern Bengal. Accordingly, OCL has focused its deals on a taking off pattern by expanding creation volume. OCL is keeping up the notoriety of its quality item and focusing on the all-inclusive undertaking in days to come. Current Market Situation Overall Market Situation Bangladesh concrete industry is the 40th biggest market on the planet. There are 70+ concrete industrial facilities in Bangladesh and every day creation limit is 16. 687 Million MT.In January 2012, Bangladesh’s Export Promotion Bureau discharged information affirming that concrete fares had seen a 21% expansion in the initial seven months of the current financial year (July 2011 †January 2012). The lift in the concrete area is a result of the rising development movement in the nation and expanding advancement use by the govt. Because of this the deals of concrete division will likewise rise each year. Item Situation Since Cement is a specific item, requiring advanced foundation and creation area, in this way, Most of the concrete ventures in Bangladesh are situated close/inside a stream side that are rich in clay.Iron and mineral limit so ‘Anchor’ concrete is arranged close to the bank of waterway ‘Kirton Khola’. Stay concrete introduced limit is 1,600 tpd at present with the turnover of 50 crore in a year. Serious Situation: In serious circumstance we will depict all the contenders of Anchor Cement delivering dark concrete. There are 70 + firms in the market alongside Anchor Cement. Every one of these organizations are utilizing distinctive showcasing strategies to grape however much piece of the overall industry as could reasonably be expected yet they are acting like a cartel under the tree of APCMA.They are creating same nature of concrete with all most same cost and highlights that’s why rivalry in the market is extreme for nearby just as outside market. All are utilizing same mass and infiltration methodologies to cover significant part of the market. Some are utilizing cost initiative system however because of cartel act conduct they are not getting the objective outcomes that they need to accomplish. Presently Crown concrete is the market chief while Anchor concrete is a specialty in the national market however it is the pioneer in the nearby mark et of Barisal and southern piece of Bangladesh. Conveyance Situation:Anchor Cement Company utilizes various channels of appropriations to move the dark concrete from organization to the distinctive piece of Bangladesh. †¢ACC > Whole Sellers > Retailor> Customer †¢ACC > Retailors> Customer †¢ACC > Customer †¢ACC > Regional Offices > w/s Retailors Macro-Environmental Situation Macro ecological factors straightforwardly or by implication impact the creation of the organization and its market. Large scale Environmental variables are the components that are not in the control of the organization. These elements are†¦.. 1. Political 2. Law and request circumstance 3. Social qualities 4. Mechanical change . Segment patterns 6. Financial Condition 7. Expansion Opportunity and Issue Analysis After finishing the market examination now we will do investigation of chances and issues for the ACC. Opportunity is an opportunity of progress or headwa y that is accessible in the market and the organization needs to benefit it for the advancement and gainfulness while issues are the shortcoming or risk for the organization to stay away from or settled down. For this reason we need to do SWOT investigation of ACC. Quality of ACC Strengths are the inward positive variables of bit of leeway that an organization has. Following is the quality of ACC. Introduced Capacity: Installed limit of organization is 16. 687 Million MT day by day and they are delivering 6007. 32 MT for each annum so they can surpass the creation effectively by appropriate actualizing their showcasing blend procedures and it will legitimately build benefits of the organization. oRaw Material: Anchor Cement Company is arranged close to the bank of the stream kirtonkhola. So they can without much of a stretch benefit the gigantic hold of crude materials with an exceptionally minimal effort as contrast with other competitors’ as their expense of material is hig h. oHigh Quality of ACC: Quality of ACC is far superior to the standard set by Bangladesh and importers.Quality of creation is superior to a large portion of the rivals in the market. oCheap Labor: They are utilizing modest work market of Bangladesh which is quality of them and because of this their cost is low as contrast with different compotators. oGood Govt. Strategies: Local and government govts. Approaches are strong and great for the concrete part. They are getting numerous advantages in term of power and so forth from BD govt. So over all ACC is getting a charge out of good condition made by Government. Shortcoming of ACC Weaknesses are the interior negative variables of an organization that ought to be maintained a strategic distance from or to be controlled.Following are the negative elements of ACC. oNot Utilization of Full Capacity: ACC isn't using its full limit of creation of dark concrete. They can deliver more per annum so not using their full limit is likewise their impediment which they should change over it into circumstance. oFuel and Electricity Charges: ACC cost involves over half expenses of fuel and power. So they ought to limit these costs as much as could be expected under the circumstances. It can truly help them in inspiring their piece of the pie and development and benefit too. They can change over their framework or can create their own power by putting resources into this part. The board: ACC significant sheets of chiefs are from a similar family which is likewise a negative factor of them. So they ought to present equipped personnel’s in the organization for the development. oFreight Charges: Freight or transportation charges to different pieces of the nation are likewise an issue for them which ought to be settled down as quickly as time permits. They ought to limit their costs to profit more prominent markets present in different pieces of Bangladesh. Open doors for ACC Opportunities are chances for progress or headway that is accessible in the market and the organization needs to benefit it for the advancement and profitability.These are certain outside variables. Following are the open doors accessible for ACC. oGovernment Development Expenditure: Govt: is spending tremendous sum on advancement ventures like streets, schools, medical clinics, dams and foundation and so on. ACC can benefit these open doors by reacting on time to these ventures. oConstruction of Big undertakings: Recently there are numerous enormous activities are going on Bangladesh like development of Jamuna future park, numerous elevated structures and so on, additionally in across the country and in Barisal.ACC ought to investigate every one of these chances to expand its piece of the pie. oDemand of Bangladeshi Cement: Recently Bangladeshi concrete interest is expanding step by step in remote markets so ACC can improve its outside piece of the pie. This will be truly ideal and productive for them. Dangers for ACC Threats are the negative factors that are accessible in the outside situations. These are unhidden dangers that are sitting tight for and organization ought to be prepared or arranged to tickle down every one of these dangers for their reality and endurance. Following are the dangers accessible for ACC. High Energy Prices: Energy costs are continually expanding in Bangladesh and overall which is legitimately influencing the productivity of ACC since significant part of cost comprises of fuel and vitality costs so they should discover elective wellspring of vitality to limit the expense of merchandise. oHigh level of Taxes and Custom obligation: High degree of cost and custom obligation are influencing its benefit. So govt. should make valuable strides for the improvement of the businesses. oCompetitors: There are 70+ firms in concrete industry which make the opposition very tough.Each firm is endeavoring to get as much offer as possible and they are utilizing various strategies to exceed expec tations their deals. Along these lines, ACC should make appropriate strides for its development while mulling over all the Competitors. oPolitical Instability: It is likewise a fundamental risk for ACC since it gets changes laws and guideline appropriately. Goals After breaking down all the variables now we will set the destinations or targets we can say, for ACC that will be accomplished in the following budgetary year of the organization. Our targets ought to be ? Explicit ?Measurable ?Achievable ?Realistic ?Time bound There are 2 sorts of goals which are: Financial Objectives †¢Marketing Objectives Financial Objectives: Financial targets are connected with the money related execution of the organization or essentially destinations

Startup Hubs Around the World Istanbul

Startup Hubs Around the World Istanbul 1. LOCATIONAt the intersection of Asia and Europe is the country of Turkey. On the shore of the Bosphorus sits the largest city in the country: Instanbul. The rich history of this Turkish city gives an old-world feel to the streets, making it possible to imagine the city as it had been in ages past. Today, however, the streets are filled with a new vibrancy, and the start-up market is starting to take notice. Perched in between two markets that comprise a majority of the world’s population, the city of Istanbul is becoming a hub that is attracting global attention. Within a four hour flight’s reach from some of the world’s largest cities, Istanbul is an attractive to entrepreneurs who need to connect with the outside world, as well as to investors who are looking to have access to their vested interests.2. TAX INCENTIVESThe government of Turkey has established incentive programs to encourage entrepreneurs to begin calling Istanbul home. The development of economic zones has led to technoparks where Research Development (RD) companies can apply to use office space. Low interest, government backed five year loans are available for RD projects that the government approves of, in addition to funding of up to half of engineering costs through grants for government approved projects. For any product developed in the technopark, the company can receive tax exemption for up to ten years of corporate income tax. Payroll tax exemption is also given for engineers who work within the technopark, making it attractive to start-ups looking to maintain a workspace.As enticing as the tax benefits sound, however, there are some strings attached to these governmental gifts. To begin with, the grants and funding provided by the government are based on projects that the government approves of â€" narrowing the field to ideas that are considered worthwhile or important by the Turkish government. In addition, loan money is only granted to start-ups who are able to acquire a ba nk guarantee. The catch-22 here? If a company could get a bank guarantee, they wouldn’t need the loan from the government.Establishing technoparks and offering grants is beneficial to the growing entrepreneurial marketplace in Istanbul. Unfortunately, however, the government assistance seems to end there. While the government asserts that start-ups are vital, there are no real policies in place to support the start-up, nor are there established plans to encourage growth in this area. The government is beginning to slowly focus on assisting the fledgling start-up community, but change is measure in slow increments for this country that boasts of a history almost 2,000 years old. There is an indication that governmental support will grow in the years to come, which should help to further increase interest in the start-up community.3. LEGAL INCENTIVESThe climate of Istanbul towards entrepreneurs is surprisingly welcoming. According to a survey done in 2012, Turkey ranked 13th as a ho spitable destination for foreign businesses. As a foreigner wishing to establish a business within the Turkish city, the simple residence permit allows entrepreneurs to live in Turkey as well as establish a business. Ownership is easily established, with an easy to navigate system of paperwork. In contrast to other nations, Turkish law mandates that a business have at least two owners, but one may have as little as 0.5% ownership. This allows for start-ups to easily create an ownership structure that is functional and financially beneficial. Foreigners are also able to buy property in Istanbul and there are no limitations on ownership based on gender or nationality.The framework for establishing a business within Istanbul is in place, but is not supported by a strong legal or judicial system. While recent developments have begun to change the governmental support of businesses, there is a lack of trust in the government to enforce legal policies. This may lead to a lack of willingne ss to both begin a start-up within Istanbul or to invest in a start-up. Both sides of a start-up are in a position to lose in a battle that comes down to legalities. Without enforcement of intellectual property, the investor can lose their money while the entrepreneur loses their company.4. AVAILABILITY OF INVESTORSIstanbul boasts of a thriving angel investor network. Galata Business Angels has a highly organized platform for investing in early-stage start-ups. These individuals with high net-worth are leading the way for people to discover the available investment opportunities that Turkey has to offer. In addition to the angel investors, there are a growing number of venture capital funds that are branching into the Turkish market. Investment firms from all over the globe are turning their attention, and their money, towards the small city of Istanbul in hopes that they will be on the cusp of the next big start-up.The Istanbul Venture Capital Initiative reported earlier this year that a minimum of 50 active funds are looking for investment opportunities within the city. There are several incubators that attract attention from potential investors, and the growing number of technoparks has helped to establish the area as a viable market.While the interest in Istanbul’s start-up market may be growing, the number of foreign investors in the marketplace is slow to catch up. This may be due to the challenges of getting Turkish companies to the forefront of the global stage and attracting the venture capitalist’s attention. A much needed infusion of Turkish investors who are willing to act as a source of venture capital will help to propel the start-up market place, but they have not been forthcoming in large numbers.In addition to developing a larger pool of early investors, Istanbul must also seek to establish a network of growth investors for secondary stage investments. These investors are rare within the Istanbul tech marketplace, and are essential for the start-up community wishing to move beyond the magic three year time frame that most start-ups need to become successful.The successful hosting of events that draw potential investors from around the globe is serving to not only jumpstart interest in the start-up fields, but also works to provide foreigners and locals the opportunity to preview the developments coming out of Istanbul. A collective organizational group that works to promote such events, as well as provide training and collaboration between existing start-ups would be beneficial.Turkeys Startup Scene 5. AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL RESOURCES AND WORKFORCEThere is a dichotomy between the growing start-up culture and the traditional Turkish way of life. With a vibrant, young workforce, the available employees are more educated than ever before in Turkish history. Overall, 70% of the country’s population is under 35 â€" giving the country a wide market of consumers and workforce potential. With a large rising generation of pe ople who are tech savvy, there are multiple opportunities for start-ups to attract attention. In addition, of the population’s 78 million people, almost half are connected to the internet giving Turkey one of the internet’s fifth largest audiences. Economically, the Turkish way of life is thriving and the average worker is earning double their wages from just a decade ago. The government structure is steady, which lends stability to the country as it struggles to re-invent itself as a modern day hub for the changing world.Within Istanbul, the city has access to some of the brightest minds in Turkey. Well-educated nationals who studied abroad have been returning to their native land and are bringing a renewed interest in entrepreneurial efforts within the country.  Building a potential workforce with the higher skills necessary within the tech market has great potential for the future of Istanbul’s ability to be competitive on the world’s stage.Despite the availability of in vestors, the relatively easy regulations for entrepreneurs and the large available workforce, there are areas of concern within Istanbul that may influence the future start-up market. Governmental policies tend to lean toward Islamic ideologies. Recent protests indicate that there is unrest simmering beneath the surface of the residents of the country. An indication of unrest makes investors uneasy, especially in a market that has not yet proven itself as a successful start-up hub. Current indications of government bribery, coercion and corruption have created an environment that is not conducive to trust â€" a vital element of the start-up market. The Istanbul entrepreneur market is trying to regain some of the advances they had previously made, but only time will tell how successful they will be.In addition to the governmental hurdles, the infrastructure of the country is a huge challenge. Availability of dependable power and water supplies is a problem for companies running high powered computer systems and networks. For a tech-based start-up, power outages can spell disaster, and they happen with regularity. Logistically, foreigners (and even locals) can have a hard time navigating the winding roads of the ancient city. Large amounts of traffic congest the roads, making stop and go traffic the norm â€" not the exception.The negative side of the start-up market in Istanbul can be daunting. One can argue, however, that for any entrepreneur wading into the start-up industry, there will always be a downside. There will always be obstacles that keep people from taking the leap into entrepreneurship; in a way it is a self-selecting process that weeds out the weaker candidates. For the entrepreneur in Istanbul, there needs to be more than a sense of adventure behind the drive for a start-up: the road is long, bumpy and difficult. The payoff, however, can be enormous in a place that is waiting for their first big exit.6. SPECIALIZATION Istanbul has often been seen as the bridge between East and West. A cosmopolitan city with a culture dating back centuries, it is a mix of driven young professionals, and businesses that have been around for generations. More and more entrepreneurs are headed to Istanbul to setup their start-ups. © Shutterstock.com | SeqoyaIn this article about Istanbul, we look at  six essential elements  of a potential start-up location that must be considered: 1)  location, 2)  tax incentives, 3)  legal incentives, 4)  availability of investors, 5)  local resources and workforce, and 6)  specialization.1. LOCATIONAt the intersection of Asia and Europe is the country of Turkey. On the shore of the Bosphorus sits the largest city in the country: Instanbul. The rich history of this Turkish city gives an old-world feel to the streets, making it possible to imagine the city as it had been in ages past. Today, however, the streets are filled with a new vibrancy, and the start-up market is starting to take notice. Perched in between two markets that comprise a majority of the world’s population, the city of Istanbul is becoming a hub that is attracting global attention. Within a four hour flight’s reach from some of the world’s largest cities, Istanbul is an attractive to entrepreneurs who need to connect with the outside world, as well as to investors who are looking to have access to their vested interests.2. TAX INCENTIVESThe government of Turkey has established incentive programs to encourage entrepreneurs to begin calling Istanbul home. The development of economic zones has led to technoparks where Research Development (RD) companies can apply to use office space. Low interest, government backed five year loans are available for RD projects that the government approves of, in addition to funding of up to half of engineering costs through grants for government approved projects. For any product developed in the technopark, the company can receive tax exemption for up to ten years of corporate income tax. Payroll tax exemption is also given for engineers who work within the technopark, making it attractive to start-ups looking to maintain a workspace.As enticing as the tax benefits sound, however, there are some strings attached to these governmental gifts. To be gin with, the grants and funding provided by the government are based on projects that the government approves of â€" narrowing the field to ideas that are considered worthwhile or important by the Turkish government. In addition, loan money is only granted to start-ups who are able to acquire a bank guarantee. The catch-22 here? If a company could get a bank guarantee, they wouldn’t need the loan from the government.Establishing technoparks and offering grants is beneficial to the growing entrepreneurial marketplace in Istanbul. Unfortunately, however, the government assistance seems to end there. While the government asserts that start-ups are vital, there are no real policies in place to support the start-up, nor are there established plans to encourage growth in this area. The government is beginning to slowly focus on assisting the fledgling start-up community, but change is measure in slow increments for this country that boasts of a history almost 2,000 years old. There is an indication that governmental support will grow in the years to come, which should help to further increase interest in the start-up community.3. LEGAL INCENTIVESThe climate of Istanbul towards entrepreneurs is surprisingly welcoming. According to a survey done in 2012, Turkey ranked 13th as a hospitable destination for foreign businesses. As a foreigner wishing to establish a business within the Turkish city, the simple residence permit allows entrepreneurs to live in Turkey as well as establish a business. Ownership is easily established, with an easy to navigate system of paperwork. In contrast to other nations, Turkish law mandates that a business have at least two owners, but one may have as little as 0.5% ownership. This allows for start-ups to easily create an ownership structure that is functional and financially beneficial. Foreigners are also able to buy property in Istanbul and there are no limitations on ownership based on gender or nationality.The framework for establ ishing a business within Istanbul is in place, but is not supported by a strong legal or judicial system. While recent developments have begun to change the governmental support of businesses, there is a lack of trust in the government to enforce legal policies. This may lead to a lack of willingness to both begin a start-up within Istanbul or to invest in a start-up. Both sides of a start-up are in a position to lose in a battle that comes down to legalities. Without enforcement of intellectual property, the investor can lose their money while the entrepreneur loses their company.4. AVAILABILITY OF INVESTORSIstanbul boasts of a thriving angel investor network. Galata Business Angels has a highly organized platform for investing in early-stage start-ups. These individuals with high net-worth are leading the way for people to discover the available investment opportunities that Turkey has to offer. In addition to the angel investors, there are a growing number of venture capital fund s that are branching into the Turkish market. Investment firms from all over the globe are turning their attention, and their money, towards the small city of Istanbul in hopes that they will be on the cusp of the next big start-up.The Istanbul Venture Capital Initiative reported earlier this year that a minimum of 50 active funds are looking for investment opportunities within the city. There are several incubators that attract attention from potential investors, and the growing number of technoparks has helped to establish the area as a viable market.While the interest in Istanbul’s start-up market may be growing, the number of foreign investors in the marketplace is slow to catch up. This may be due to the challenges of getting Turkish companies to the forefront of the global stage and attracting the venture capitalist’s attention. A much needed infusion of Turkish investors who are willing to act as a source of venture capital will help to propel the start-up market place, b ut they have not been forthcoming in large numbers.In addition to developing a larger pool of early investors, Istanbul must also seek to establish a network of growth investors for secondary stage investments. These investors are rare within the Istanbul tech marketplace, and are essential for the start-up community wishing to move beyond the magic three year time frame that most start-ups need to become successful.The successful hosting of events that draw potential investors from around the globe is serving to not only jumpstart interest in the start-up fields, but also works to provide foreigners and locals the opportunity to preview the developments coming out of Istanbul. A collective organizational group that works to promote such events, as well as provide training and collaboration between existing start-ups would be beneficial.Turkeys Startup Scene 5. AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL RESOURCES AND WORKFORCEThere is a dichotomy between the growing start-up culture and the traditional Turkish way of life. With a vibrant, young workforce, the available employees are more educated than ever before in Turkish history. Overall, 70% of the country’s population is under 35 â€" giving the country a wide market of consumers and workforce potential. With a large rising generation of people who are tech savvy, there are multiple opportunities for start-ups to attract attention. In addition, of the population’s 78 million people, almost half are connected to the internet giving Turkey one of the internet’s fifth largest audiences. Economically, the Turkish way of life is thriving and the average worker is earning double their wages from just a decade ago. The government structure is steady, which lends stability to the country as it struggles to re-invent itself as a modern day hub for the changing world.Within Istanbul, the city has access to some of the brightest minds in Turkey. Well-educated nationals who studied abroad have been returning to their native land and are bringing a renewed interest in entrepreneurial efforts within the country.  Building a potential workforce with the higher skills necessary within the tech market has great potential for the future of Istanbul’s ability to be competitive on the world’s stage.Despite the availability of investors, the relatively easy regulations for entrepreneurs and the large available workforce, there are areas of concern within Istanbul that may influence the future start-up market. Governmental policies tend to lean toward Islamic ideologies. Recent protests indicate that there is unrest simmering beneath the surface of the residents of the country. An indication of unrest makes investors uneasy, especially in a market that has not yet proven itself as a successful start-up hub. Current indications of government bribery, coercion and corruption have created an environment that is not conducive to trust â€" a vital element of the start-up market. The Istanbul entrepreneur market is tryin g to regain some of the advances they had previously made, but only time will tell how successful they will be.In addition to the governmental hurdles, the infrastructure of the country is a huge challenge. Availability of dependable power and water supplies is a problem for companies running high powered computer systems and networks. For a tech-based start-up, power outages can spell disaster, and they happen with regularity. Logistically, foreigners (and even locals) can have a hard time navigating the winding roads of the ancient city. Large amounts of traffic congest the roads, making stop and go traffic the norm â€" not the exception.The negative side of the start-up market in Istanbul can be daunting. One can argue, however, that for any entrepreneur wading into the start-up industry, there will always be a downside. There will always be obstacles that keep people from taking the leap into entrepreneurship; in a way it is a self-selecting process that weeds out the weaker can didates. For the entrepreneur in Istanbul, there needs to be more than a sense of adventure behind the drive for a start-up: the road is long, bumpy and difficult. The payoff, however, can be enormous in a place that is waiting for their first big exit.6. SPECIALIZATIONThe trends in Istanbul seem to be leaning towards e-commerce industries, followed by commerce and service industries. While there are a large number of tech industries starting, and the number is growing daily, a majority of the start-ups in Istanbul are focused on localized, e-commerce solutions. The push towards tech industries is being helped by the addition of technically advanced classes at the university level, and the growing interest in the global marketplace. Entrepreneurs need to be cautious that they are developing new and innovative methodologies â€" not simply copying existing platforms. Out of five of the largest start-up investments in a recent year, only one was in the tech industry. While the e-commer ce industry is important, if Istanbul wants to be a global player, they must turn their attention towards global initiatives.Notable start-ups that have come out of Istanbul:Trendyol. Trendyol is an e-commerce site that offers users access to fashion items, home textiles, home electronics and more. Boasting a “new way to shop”, Trendyol has brought some of the world’s fashions to Turkey, and has opened the door for Turkish consumers to experience global outreach.Yemeksepeti. Driving the home based food ordering system in Turkey is Yemeksepeti. The company has a network of restaurants that users can order from, without the addition of extra fees. The listing of participating restaurants includes local and global chains. The company has expanded to include several other Arab countries, but is primarily a locally centered company.Grupanya. A namesake of global Groupon, the cost-saving group offers discounted rates on a variety of items and services.GittiGidiyor. A clone of shoppi ng giant eBay, the GittiGidiyor is another example of how Istanbul’s start-up market is focusing on commerce opportunities. The online auction provider is making in-roads into the Turkish marketplace and is growing in use.CitusDB. The database analytics start-up that is going head to head with Oracle, the open-source tool is one of the tech based start-ups to watch from Istanbul. Developers claim that the CituDB processes will increase database performance with faster queries and more efficient optimizations.The start-up market in Istanbul is filled with complexities. The pieces for a successful launch into the tech market are all in place, but they are surrounded by a tenuous landscape that threatens to overtake any potential success. As the world watches, Istanbul (and Turkey) is wrestling with issues and ideologies that have ramifications for personal freedoms, creative thinking, global perspectives and more. As they establish their position regarding these issues, they will be , in effect, establishing the future for their start-up market. Without entrepreneurship, there is no start-up potential. Finding the balance between the past ideologies and modern ideals is essential to the growth of Istanbul as a start-up hub.

Philosophy Tutor Pain and Pleasure

Bet you didn't think we could work a picture of The Rock and Marky Mark into a philosophy blog, did you? Philosophy students! Let it never be said that I, your philosophy tutor, never showed you that philosophy can and does impact the real world. The philosopher Peter Singer’s 1975 book, Animal Liberation, has had a tremendous impact on our contemporary world (as have several other of his books). It not only helped bring attention to the ways the animal meat we eat is manufactured, it provided powerful arguments that those ways are morally impermissible which have given animus to many individuals and movements to change their eating habits and advocate for agricultural reform. Part of his argument might be summed up by saying, pain is pain! It makes no difference whether pain happens inside of non-human animals or human animals--we have an obligation to minimize it as much as possible and to not inflict it merely for our own comfort or leisure. I was reminded of Singer’s work this week when I read this article appearing in the New York Times trying to argue that raising an imals for food is not so bad so long as we can do it without inflicting unnecessary suffering on them (though the author recognizes that this would still require major consumer and agricultural reform). I’m not here to discuss the question of vegetarianism itself today. II will neither try to add to the debate nor try to advocate for one position over another, though I highly recommend reading the works above. Rather, I would like to briefly discuss some general philosophical issues raised by the debate that deserve treatment of their own, answers to which may carry consequences for the ethical issues. As is my usual modus operandi, I will try to raise questions and provoke thinking, rather than try to persuade. Singer and others have essentially argued that the location of pain is morally irrelevant. All pain deserves moral consideration, no matter what kind of body (human or otherwise) it belongs to. Now, of course the same kind of pain can be caused in multiple places. I’m pretty sure of that because I’ve stubbed both my right and my left big toes and I can testify that the pain is pretty much the same in both places. Any being that has the same neurophysiology associated with their toes (or similar appendages) will almost surely experience the same sort of pain as I do when they bang said toes or appendages against something hard. But are all pains basically of the same type? Let me try to get clearer about what I mean. On the one hand, we certainly do make some kind of distinctions in types of pains. We talk about â€Å"dull† vs. â€Å"sharp† pains. And we say that some are more intense than others. Certainly some have different behavioral effects than others. Virtually any adult can restrain from showing any signs of being in pain when lightly pinched. But virtually no one has the power to refrain from involuntarily exhibiting a number of pain-related behaviors upon badly fracturing a bone. But these distinctions in kinds of pains are relatively superficial compared to what I have in mind. My question is whether there are pains, or (more broadly) negative effects, that are so qualitatively different from the kinds of physical ailments we undergo from day to day that they deserve another name altogether. Whether there are negative experiences that require more sophisticated experiential capacity to undergo, to feel, and to understand. Consider, for instance, the experience of contemplating your own death. Not when you are facing the possibility of immanent death, so that your physiological defense mechanisms are aroused. But when you are otherwise relaxed and unoccupied. Many people report feelings not just of fear (as when faced with immediate threat) but a special kind of terror accompanied by feelings of uncanniness, absurdity, etc. Such feelings clearly have negative affective quality to them. But are they best described as painful? Could they be assessed on the same scale as garden variety pains? On the flip side, consider pleasure. I get a lot of it when I eat certain foods. I remember a time in my life when there was little more enjoyable than eating one of my favorite treats. And my best guess after watching many dogs eat is that they derive a certain amount of pleasure from eating as well. But are the experiences of my younger self and of dogs when chowing on our favorite foods all there is to pleasure or feelings of good affect? Are all the experiences I seek out just more or less intense versions of that exact type of feeling I had as a youth? Consider activities like setting a long term goal, working hard to achieve it, and then accomplishing it; being able to understand some great idea or work of art or piece of music and appreciating what makes it so good; deeply connecting on multiple different levels with another person through an intense conversation. Are the positive feelings associated with such activities the same type of state as those caused by the gustatory sensations from a lollipop? If not, what is the best way to describe them? What makes them different? I have been suggesting that there may be feelings with positive and negative valence that are not reducible to pleasure or pain. And if there are such feelings, they certainly deserve moral consideration--at least as much as pleasure and pain. Even more, though, it is worth wondering whether whatever machinery that makes it possible to experience these more sophisticated positive and negative affects also â€Å"reach down† and influence how basic pain and pleasure are experienced. Answers to such descriptive questions about how minds operate may affect how we reason about ethical issues such as the one mentioned at the start.

The Myth About Learning How to Make Ricin from the Internet

As the story unfolds about the man associated with the ricin found in the Las Vegas hotel room, questions arise as to what he was doing with the ricin and the castor beans. The answers to those question are unknown. It is not even certain the man knew about the ricin in the room. Since he remains in a coma, those questions will have to wait. What We Know So far we know the occupant of the hotel room who was hospitalized for respiratory problems was a 57-year-old-man. There were three pets found in the room. One pet is deceased, apparently due to lack of food and water and not from ricin poisoning. The other two animals are fine. According to a CNN report, in addition to a vial containing ricin, the room also contained castor beans, guns, and an anarchist type textbook.   Bad Advice When I started writing about the chemistry behind AMCs Breaking Bad tv show, I learned that it really is true you can learn how to make crystal meth from instructions freely available on the Internet. Would anyone want to use those instructions? Id hope not... I tried to describe all the reasons making meth is dangerous to yourself and others. The question has arisen as to whether a person could learn to make ricin from information freely available on the internet. Im not going to give you a definitive no since I didnt follow every single link on the subject, but I will say the top links that supposedly tell you how to purify ricin using lye and acetone contain many factual errors. Probably the only good advice given in the instructions is to remove the coat from the seeds. Also, any website that tells you ricin can be obtained from castor oil is wrong. Castor oil is essentially free from the toxin. If you are a terrorist or looking to purify the toxin for other purposes, youre a stu pid terrorist if you think instructions posted on the web by an anonymous source are reliable or that duplicating erroneous instructions across multiple websites magically makes the instructions correct. Can you learn how to make ricin from a Google search? I didnt see any accurate instructions. Can you poison yourself with castor beans? You could, but you can poison yourself with rhubarb or death cap mushrooms, too. In my opinion, ricin is sensationalized because its so very toxic. Would I stay in the Las Vegas hotel room after they clean it up? No. Am I worried about wackos suddenly making ricin because its newsy? No. Even if they wanted to, the instructions are not readily available.Update on Ricin in Las VegasRicin Found at a Las Vegas MotelRicin RCA from Castor Beans | What You Need to Know about Chemical Weapons

Social Classroom Activities to Build Social Skills

Students with disabilities, especially developmental disabilities, suffer from significant deficits in good social skills.  They often cannot initiate interactions, they often dont understand what makes a social transaction appropriate for setting or players, they often dont get enough appropriate practice. Always a Need for Social Skill Development Using these fun activities helps model and promote healthy interactions and teamwork within the classroom. Use the activities found here a regularly to help develop good habits, and youll soon see improvement with students in your classroom who need help developing social skills. These activities, embedded in a self-contained program as part of a daily routine, provide students with lots of opportunities for frequent practice getting used to appropriate interactions. Shaky Day Pick a consistent day of the week (Fridays are great) and the dismissal practice is to have each student shake two students hands and say something personal and nice. For instance, Kim shakes Bens hand and says, Thanks for helping me tidy my desk, or, I really liked the way you played dodgeball at gym. Some teachers use this method as each child leaves the classroom. The teacher shakes the students hand and says something positive. Social Skill of the Week Pick a social skill and use it for the focus of the week. For instance, if your skills of the week is showing responsibility, the word responsibility goes on the board. The teacher introduces the words and talks about what it means to be responsible. Students brainstorm ideas of what it means to be responsible. Throughout the week, students are given opportunities to comment on responsible behavior as they see it. At the end of the day or for bell work, have students talk about what theyve been doing or what they did that showed acting responsibility. Social Skill Weekly Goals Have students set social skill goals for the week. Provide opportunities for students to demonstrate and tell how theyre sticking to their goals. Use this as the exit dismissal key each day. For instance, each child states how they met their goal that day: I cooperated today by working well with Sean on my book report. Negotiation Week Many students requiring additional help with social skills usually need support to negotiate properly. Teach the skill of negotiation by modeling and then reinforcing through some role play situation. Provide opportunities for conflict resolution. Works well if situations arise in class or on the yard. Good Character Submission Box Keep a box with a slot in it. Ask students to put a slip in the box when they observe good character. For instance, John tidied up the coat room without being asked. Students that are reluctant writers will need to have their complement scribed for them. Then the teacher reads the slips from the good character box at the end of the week. Teachers should also participate. Social Circle Time At circle time, have each child say something pleasant about the person next to them as they go around the circle. This can be theme based (cooperative, respectful, generous, positive, responsible, friendly, empathetic etc.) and change every day to stay fresh. Mystery Buddies Put all the student names in a hat. A child draws a student name and they become the students mystery buddy. The mystery buddy then offers compliments, praise and does nice things for the student. The students can then guess their mystery buddy at the end of the week. You can also incorporate social skills worksheets for more help. Welcoming Committee The welcoming committee can consist of 1-3 students who are responsible for welcoming any visitors to the class. If a new student starts, the welcoming committee makes sure they feel welcome and they also help them with the routines and become their buddies. Good Solutions This activity takes some help from other teaching staff members. Have teachers leave you notes of the conflicts that have arisen on the yard or in the classroom. Collect these as often as you can. Then within your own classroom, present the situation that have happened, ask the students to role play it or to come up with positive problem solving solutions and practical advice to avoid repeats of the incidents.

The Problem Of Drug Addiction - 952 Words

The reason behind a person initially taking drugs can vary and while the action itself is voluntary: the eventual drug addiction is essentially involuntary. Drug addiction is a complex and chronic disease, a brain disease, which changes the way the brain functions. Drug addiction, much like chronic illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes, disrupts healthy, normal functioning organs. This has harmful consequences that are both preventable and treatable (Branch, 2011, pp.263-265). Drug addiction is considered a brain disease as drugs change the brain structure and how the brain operates. These changes of the brain can be lifelong and can lead to the destructive behaviour seen in drug addicts (Perry, 2011, p.1). This essay will argue that addiction is in fact a disease rather than a behavioural disorder. Addiction is a brain disease which is expressed in behavioural ways (Leshnar, 2010, p.100). The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has stated that addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease and that treating the brain is key to dealing with the problem of addiction (Branch, 2011, p. 263). Compelled by a physiological need to continue taking drugs the addiction will change the abuser, psychologically, for the worse (Gross, 2010, p.113). Addicts often engage in destructive behavior because they consider that the benefits far outweigh the cost of addiction (Henden, Melberg Rà ¸geberg, 2013, p.1). A drug addict is dependent on drugs and cannot live without them. DrugShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1233 Words   |  5 PagesThis report will outline the problems of drug addiction that have arisen in the young teens and as well give possible solutions on how to overcome it. Drug addiction, increasing immensely in our society, is currently the biggest problem in you ng teens these days. Looking at the future of our country drowning in drugs is a big disappointment. To prevent drug addiction parents should guide their children into the right path, schools should promote healthy living, and the government should step forwardRead MoreDrug Addiction Problem1399 Words   |  6 PagesSolving the Problem of Drug Addiction 1.Drug abuse and addiction continues to be a global issue. According to the â€Å"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime† (UNODC), about 5% of the global population used an illicit drug in 2010 alone, and about 27 million or 0.6 percent of the adult population of the world can be categorized as drug abusers. A7 2.This paper explores some of the measures that can be taken to resolve the drug addiction problem in the world. 3.Addressing various risk and protectiveRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction974 Words   |  4 Pagesan addiction, whether a person is addicted to alcohol, methamphetamines, marijuana or over the counter drugs, people often have different sides to this. Some may say that an addiction is a disease; others say that an addiction is just a poor choice of a person’s life. The National Institute on Drug Abuse states that â€Å"†¦drug addiction is a complex disease, and quitting takes more than good intentions or a strong will. In fact, because drugs change the brain in ways that foster compulsive drug abuseRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction930 Words   |  4 Pagesconsumed alcohol, 15% have smoked cigarettes, and 16.5% have used marijuana. † A drug can be defined as a something which â€Å"alters your mind or body that is not food † which is something all of these substances have in common. There has been a massive increase in underage consumption of ill egal substances in the last several decades. These substances which young people are using are known for being very addictive. Addiction is much more likely to occur when started at a young age and having more severeRead MoreThe Problems of Drug Addiction954 Words   |  4 PagesDrug addiction A reasonable number of people do not understand why other people get addicted to drugs. Some even associate drug abuse and addiction with lack of moral principles or willpower. People subscribing to this school of thought believe that drug addicts can stop using drugs by simply changing their behavior. They fail to realize that drug addiction is a complex disease whose eradication calls for many things other than changing habits. Drugs basically change the way a human brain worksRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1796 Words   |  8 Pages Drug addiction has long been and still is a typical issue around the world. Jesmyn Ward writes about the effect of drug addiction in her community in DeLisle and the toll it took in her life and Rog’s life. There are different reason why people get addicted and various levels to which people become dependent on drugs, but the main thing I am going to be addressing is the multiple perspective on the causes for addiction. The ones I am going to explore are Low Income neighborhoods, social, financialRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction967 Words   |  4 PagesDrug addiction is an ever-growing problem faced in society and, although the government tries to take action to keep drugs off the streets, people of all social classes and backgrounds still fall victim to drug abuse. However, environmental situations can make an individual more susceptible: age, gender, location, genetics, family situations and the like can all be factors into an individuals’ drug habit. There are complications with picking the correct plan suited to a person. Each client is theirRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1042 Words   |  5 PagesOPENING/ATTENTION: In reality, drug addiction is an unpredictable ailment, and stopping takes more than great goals or an in number will. Truth be told, because drugs change the mind in ways that cultivate compulsive drug misuse, stopping is troublesome, notwithstanding for the individuals why should prepared do as such The dependence on medications is a troublesome thing for any person to bargain with. Often, habit prompts the decay of a man s prosperity, budgetary security, and health. Drug addicts experienceRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction Essay2435 Words   |  10 Pagesgoing to solve your problems? According to NIH, the death rate caused by usage of heroin has been increased by triple of its number in the past 10 years. The purpose is to treat people; especially teenagers understanding its negative consequences it has on them before they get addicted to it. When the addiction starts addicts have no idea that they would be so in to it that there is no possible way to stop. Addiction is a chronic, weakened disease characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use despiteRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction2110 Words   |  9 PagesMODEL(S) OF ADDICTION In going through the counseling process with Marge she was explained that there is the possibility that it could be a factor of genetics. When considering her background one has realized that she not only has an alcohol addiction, but it was the same for her father and her uncle, both of whom had lost their lives to the disease. In talking about the disease model with Marge she seemed to be more at ease with the situation and more willing to accept the fact that she does have

Jean Piaget s Theories On Learning - 1056 Words

As a future educator, I believe that every child that I will teach has a unique way of learning and needs a stimulating atmosphere to learn efficiently. Over the years teaching, children grow socially, emotionally, intellectually, and physically. Being an educator, it is my responsibility to help them fulfill each of these areas to their fullest potential. Doing so, I have to provide them a safe environment, opportunities to share new ideas, and encourage to take risks. The children that I will be teaching in special education will range from ages four to thirteen years old. By taking educational psychology this semester, it has helped me learn that there are many theorists who provide their theories on learning. Certain theorists stuck out to me in which they hypothesized how educating should be brought upon or the stages that one needs to fulfill before moving on. Piaget, Vygotsky, and Maslow all address theoretical perspectives, which I believe will play a role in my teaching phil osophy. Jean Piaget hypothesized that children go through a series of four stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational stage. In teaching, I will focus on the pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages because of the age range that I will be teaching in special education. Each stage focuses on a different aspect of development and accomplishments that go with it. The pre-operational stage, age’s two to seven, states that childrenShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Sensory Experience For Learning : Jean Piaget s Theory Of Intellectual Development882 Words   |  4 Pagesthis was a firsthand learning experience taught to me by my senses, this scenario perfectly describes the way children learn the senses enhance play, they are natures ultimate teacher. In the document â€Å"The Importance of Sensory Experience for Learning: Jean Piaget’s Theory of Intellectual Development† It gives the reader a quic k understanding of Piaget’s understanding of children and their important use of senses. It is described as the foundation of learning and this learning style guides infantsRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky : Early Childhood Development1683 Words   |  7 Pages Amanda Rezzonico Piaget vs Vygotsky Early Childhood Development Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are known in the educational world. Vygotsky and Piaget were developmental psychologists who had many of the same views and beliefs, but at the same time had opposing views. According to Jean Piaget â€Å"cognitive development was a repetitive reorganization of mental processes that derived from biological maturation in addition to environmental experiences’’ (McLeod, S. A. (2015). The childRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory And Theory1673 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is a theory? A theory is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development. These are essential for developing predictions about behaviors and predictions result in research that helps to support or clarify the theory. The theorist I am choosing to talk about is Jean Piaget who discovered the cognitive development theory and who broke it down into different stages. The different stages are the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operatio nal thoughtRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky Theories Of Learning1257 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of learning In this essay, I will compare and contrast jean Piaget and lev Vygotsky theories of learning. First, I will discuss Piaget followed by Vygotsky then I will compare and contrast both theorists. Jean Piaget was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher, he is known for his contribution to a theory of cognitive development. Piaget became interested in the reasons why children gave the wrong answers to questions that required logical thinking. He believed that these incorrectRead MorePiaget s Theory On Stages Of Developmental Psychology1039 Words   |  5 Pages101 9 December, 2015 Piaget Today â€Å"Child development does not mean developing your child into the person you think they should be, but helping them develop into the best person they are meant to be.† ― Toni Sorenson Jean Piaget was a leader in the field of developmental psychology, the study of how people grow. Instead of continuing the Freud s work with psychoanalysis, as many psychologists and philosophers did at the time, Piaget stayed â€Å"closer to his teacher Pierre Janet s psychology† (Vidal)Read MoreEducational Methods Influenced By Jean Piaget And Lev Vygotsky800 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Both of these men provided influential theories, which had a significant impact on evaluating children’s learning styles and abilities. After years of research and observation, Piaget determined that intellectual development is the result of the interaction of individual and environmental factors. He felt that as a child develops and always interacts with the world around him, knowledge was established. Through his observations of his children, Piaget developedRead MorePiaget s Theory On Stages Of Developmental Psychology1180 Words   |  5 Pages Piaget Today Rebecca Biddle English 101 Mrs. Rufino 17 December 2015 Rebecca Biddle Mrs. Rufino English 101 9 December, 2015 Piaget Today â€Å"Child development does not mean developing your child into the person you think they should be, but helping them develop into the best person they are meant to be.† ― Toni Sorenson Jean Piaget was a leader in the field of developmental psychology, the study of how people grow. Instead of continuing the Freud s work with psychoanalysis, as manyRead Morejean piaget1284 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Jean Piaget Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) was employed at the Binet Institute in the 1920s, where his job was to develop French versions of questions on English intelligence tests. He became intrigued with the reasons children gave for their wrong answers on the questions that required logical thinking. He believed that these incorrect answers revealed important differences between the thinking of adults and children. Piaget (1936) was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitiveRead MoreJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MoreJean Piaget: Biography and Theory of Cognitive Development1601 Words   |  6 PagesPiagets Theory of Cognitive Development: Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development is a description of the four distinct stages of development of cognition in children. The theory was developed at a time when Piaget was employed at the Binet Institute in the 1920s in which his main responsibilities were to develop the French versions of questions on the English intelligence tests. During this period, Piaget became increasingly concerned or interested with the reasons children gave for their

Robin Hood Free Essays

Hero or Criminal? Many people consider Robin Hood a hero. He was definitely a hero to the peasants of Nottingham. After all he stole from the rich and gave to the poor. We will write a custom essay sample on Robin Hood or any similar topic only for you Order Now If I were poor he would have been my hero, too. But to the rich people of Nottingham he was nothing more than a criminal. I’m sure I wouldn’t think too highly of someone that stole my money. What Robin Hood never took into consideration was that even though the outcome was good the course of action he took wasn’t right. So was he a hero or a criminal? Some people consider him a kind hearted hero. Others think of him as a cold hearted criminal. So which is it? It all depends on your perspective. The legend of Robin Hood is one of the most famous legends around. â€Å"He is the subject of nearly forty English and Scottish ballads and numerous tales, plays, and films† (Wilhelm â€Å"Robin Hood†). But a legend isn’t always a fact. â€Å"Practically all that is known of the medieval legend of Robin Hood is derived from five surviving poems or ballads and a fragment of a play† (Holt 15). â€Å"The first literary reference to Robin Hood is in 1377. Much of the social background in the early ballads resembles the 14th century. But there are some reasons to believe that the Robin Hood legend was alive and well in the 13th century too. Hence, some historians like J. C. Holt prefer an earlier real Robin Hood† (Robin Hood-The Search for the Real Robin Hood 9). No one knows for sure if Robin Hood is even a real character. â€Å"According to one traditional story, Robin Hood was actually the Earl of Huntingdon, and his real name was Robert Fitzooth. But many scholars believe Robin Hood is completely fictitious. (â€Å"Robin Hood† 346). Roger Dodsworth, one of the greatest figures of the antiquarian movement of the seventeenth century, noted: Robert Locksley, born in Bradfield parish, in Hallamshire [S. Yorkshire], wounded his stepfather to death at plough: fled into the woods, and was relieved by his mother till he was discovered. Then he came to Clifton upon Calder, and came acquainted with Little John, that kept the ki ne, which said John is buried at Hathershed in Derbyshire, where he hath a fair tombstone with an inscription. Mr. Long saith that Fabyan saith, Little John was an Earl Huntingdon . After he joined with Much, the Miller’s son. (Holt 44) There are also some other people that could have inspired the Robin Hood legend. Perhaps the earliest outlaw Robin Hood is Robert Hood, servant of the Abbot of Cirencester. Sometime between 1213 and 1216, he murdered a man named Ralph in the abbot’s garden. Most Robin Hood legends stories do give the legendary outlaw a grudge against the church. But J. C. Holt dismisses this one as being too far from Robin’s usual setting. (Robin Hood-The Search for the Real Robin Hood 9) There is also evidence to support the legend. A tombstone has been found with the following inscription: Here underneath this little stone Lies Robert, Earl of Huntington. Ne’er archer was as he so good And people called him Robin Hood. Such outlaws as he and his men Will England never see again. (Lapman v) This leads some people to believe that Robin Hood is based on a real person. Real or fictitious it is still a legend. How to cite Robin Hood, Papers

Locke In Rousseau free essay sample

Locke: In Rousseau # 8217 ; s Eye Essay, Research Paper The province of nature, as described by Locke, is a province of perfect freedom, a province in which adult male is wholly free, but would Rousseau hold with this? The reply to this inquiry is more complex than it seems. Locke and Rousseau, both great philosophers of their clip, have similar thoughts, but the similarities between them end at that. They have really different positions on merely about every philosophical subject and retain these differences. When comparing two of their plants, The Social Contract, Rousseau, and Second Treatise of Government, Locke, the differences between them become clear. It about seems that The Social Contract was written to battle Locke s Second Treatise of Government, and if so, his point comes across really clearly. Rousseau begins this work on political theory much in the manner Locke did, with a treatment on the province of nature. This is the point at which we see our first difference between Locke and Rousseau. Locke describes it as a province in which every individual has power over no 1 but himself or herself and has the freedom to make as they please without jeopardizing others. He besides states that natural adult male follows a set of natural Torahs in which he can penalize any transgressor in a mode that fits the offense and in such a manner that dissuades the person from perpetrating such a offense in the hereafter. Such transgressors of the province of ground now enter one of to natural provinces ; a province of war or a province of society. In the province of war, we are non longer governed my ground, but a force. That is where the difference between the two prevarications. When adult male exists in nature, without the influence of a regulating cabal, we tend to regulate our egos harmonizing to ground. However, when this ground rails to be, and we govern ourselves by force, war ensues. In this province of war, the guiltless parties have the right to go on the war until the transgressors give reparations for the workss. These reparations can frequently stop in a province of bondage in which slave gives up all of the rights given to him by the province of nature to the maestro. At this point a contrast can be clearly drawn between Rousseau and Locke. Rousseau openly denounces the thought of bondage in the gap of The Social Contract. He feels that a province of bondage is unnatural and should be avoided. Rousseau denounces the axiom might makes right and in kernel, that is the thought behind the topic of bondage. If the result of the province of war is in the favour of the victim, and the victim, as a signifier of reparation, forces the transgressor into bondage, this axiom is proven true. The victim has asserted himself as the stronger of those involved in the struggle and is at that place by utilizing force to maintain the transgressor against his will and against the Torahs of nature. It is neer a just trade ; 1s freedom. A adult male s freedom is of extreme significance and is unable to be owned by none other than the individual himself. When freedom is lost, humanity is lost. And when humanity is lost, we can no longer be in a natural province and much less a society. There is no longer a difference between an animate being and us. There is line that can be drawn here between the manner in which work forces exist when they are enslaved and the province in which adult male exists when a society is formed. With might being the lone determinate of right, the province of bondage is about an exact reproduction of the conditions found in a monarchy. As in bondage, the sovereign has all of the power and the people of the province that he resides over are volitionally obeying his Torahs as opposed to the Torahs of nature. They have volitionally given him their freedom and are no longer free work forces, but slaves to the will of one adult male. When those populating in such a society realize that they are in fact no more than sheep in herd and make up ones mind to arise, the axiom might makes right proves itself once more, and the society is one time once more thrown into a province of war which in bend terminals in either a province of bondage one time once more or different province of society. In such fortunes, poli tical authorization ceases to be and the freshly founded province of society will be weaker than the 1 that existed before manus. It is an infinite cringle. Rousseau proposes and answer to this job in the signifier of the societal contract. It calls for every person in a community to give up themselves to the community which acts as an entity all its ain. Bing one entity, it is of import for the society to map as one. The crowned head is indivisible and should to the full show the will of those populating within it. The look of the will of those within the province is the jurisprudence, which like human nature tends to travel towards good as opposed to evil, and is expected to be followed by those shacking in the province. There is, nevertheless, a job that arises when we enter this society. The province is abstract and hence needs a physical manifestation ; a lawmaker. Once the Torahs are in topographic point and a lawmaker is found, the province can work as a province should. Locke, nevertheless thought the complete antonym of Rousseau. Locke thought that absolute monarchies were the best solution for one ground ; within an absolute monarchy, the province of nature is preserved in the sense that natural rights would non be lost. He argued that societies exist in a signifier of the province of nature and within that province, ground will be preserved and conformance will merely heighten it. This conformance was the manner in which work forces would be integrated into the societal contract, and this integrating would be best fueled if parents were to transfuse into their kids the importance of work at an early age. He believed that kids were abstract scholars and that this routes was the best. Rousseau disagreed. 337

Project Hope International

Executive Summary Project Hope international seeks a grant of $25,000 to fund an information technology project for young people in East Palo Alto. The project is aimed at serving 250 young people within the community every year. This will enable them to take advantage of the opportunities brought by information technology and to learn about their rights and roles in fighting human trafficking and gender violence.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Project Hope International specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Project Hope International is a non-governmental organization (NGO) that runs its operations in South Asia, United States (US) and Africa. The organization’s current mandate is to bridge the technological gap that exists between East Palo Alto and the neighboring Silicon Valley (communities which have been isolated from the rapid economic and technological revolution that has been going i n the neighboring communities). East Palo Alto is a dynamic community with inhabitants hailing from various communities (Plugged In, 2000, p. 1). The mandate of Project Hope international is to provide the technological know-how to empower people to rise against social ills such as human trafficking and gender violence. The technological aid is aimed at complementing educational strategies to create more awareness about human trafficking and gender violence. The organization’s mandate in East Palo Alto is to improve computer access and to ensure the community takes advantage of the opportunities posed by information technology in enriching their lives. The organization’s function revolves around three main concepts of education, enterprising, and accessibility (Plugged In, 2000, p. 1). The organization currently runs an after-school program for people from all backgrounds and ages called community Kids. The main participants of the after school program are students bel ow the age of 12. Several concepts in information technology are taught in this program and they include basic introduction to information technology, graphic design and other concepts. This program is run in collaboration with community-based groups and other relevant stakeholders in the education sector. This is the main factor that acts as the basis for this proposal because it seeks funding for the main class that targets children and teenagers.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To be able to finance effectively this project, project Hope International seeks a grant of $25,000. This financing will be used to cater for 250 children (annually) and provide enough educational opportunities for the improvement of the quality of education in the community. Project Need There is a direct link between gender violence and illiteracy (or a lack of education) (Mathur, 2004, p. 1 2). The same link exists between human trafficking and illiteracy. It is as a result of this revelation that, Project Hope international seeks to educate the local community about the importance of understanding their rights and knowing where to report various social ills that affect them. There is no better way to achieve this objective than through education (Fernando, 2007). However, there are several challenges experienced before education is fully imparted into the local community. The main challenge of imparting this knowledge among community members is the difficulty experienced in realizing a significant educational outreach. Since Project Hope International does not enjoy a vibrant infrastructure of imparting knowledge to community members, such as that evident in the country’s education system, there is a lot to be offered by information technology because it provides the appropriate infrastructure for learning. It is from this understanding that Project Hope Intern ational seeks a $25,000 funding for computer education classes aimed at educating young girls, women and children in the community. The organization’s strategy in imparting knowledge among the young people of the community is mainly based on the principle that, the younger a person is introduced to information technology, the higher the chances of using information technology for economic growth and personal empowerment. Project Objectives There are several objectives which the project intends to achieve. First, the project intends to have a low teacher-student ratio where teaching will be individualized and more effective. The ideal ratio would be one teacher for every six students (Scott, 2000, p. 143). Currently, this ratio is not achieved because of a lack of enough facilities and resources to run the program.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Project Hope International specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mo re This project also aims to achieve a project-based approach where most learning activities will be undertaken in the context of a project. This teaching strategy is projected to provide more meaning to the learning process because it is assumed that, projects empower children with more skills than most learning methods (Mathur, 2004, p. 12). Ideally, the project aims to encourage students to come up with publications such as magazines, presentations and such like works which highlight various dynamics of gender violence and human trafficking. This project is also designed to take advantage of the flexibility that conventional school curriculums do not provide when teaching various issues of the society (Nicoll, 2006). Since Project Hope international is a non-governmental organization, it aims to exercise this flexibility. It is from this flexibility that the organization seeks to shed light on various social issues affecting the community. Finally, this project aims to highligh t the fact that, technology can be used for various purposes in the community. Most importantly, the project aims to expose young people to the endless strategies they can adopt to use information technology for the advancement of their community and personal lives. Project Impact This project aims to achieve several objectives. The main objective is to improve the community’s level of education regarding gender violence and human trafficking. It is believed that, if the populace is educated about their rights, they can be able to stand up against the above vices, thereby contributing to fight gender violence and human trafficking (Bancroft, 2010, p. 2). It is also believed that, educating the community, and more especially the young people about gender violence and human trafficking, there will be a surge in the demand for accountability and responsibility from the relevant authorities (regarding human trafficking and gender violence) (Kakkar, 2004). Moreover, there is bound to be an increase in the number of ambassadors against gender violence and human trafficking if the community is educated about the consequences and spread of these vices.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from educating the community about their rights and the consequences of gender violence and human trafficking, this project also aims to improve computer access in the community. There is a strong commitment within the organization to ensure that there is adequate internet penetration in the community and that most community members have computers. Currently, Project Hope International operates a computer drop-in-center and a computer networking program which is known as epa.net which acts as a resource for community members to undertake research about various issues in the society (Plugged In, 2000, p. 1). For close to two decades, epa.net has been able to connect 18 community organizations into a common network which has assisted them to develop WebPages and websites which have significantly improved the efficiency of their operations. Project Steps This project is designed to work on two fronts. The first front is centered on forging community partnerships with local organi zations. The second front is centered on availing enterprise high-end computer training (Plugged In, 2000, p. 1). Most of the information technology classes are designed to include the input of community-based organizations and schools. Their contribution is aimed at utilizing the already existing infrastructure for teaching. The entire project aims to integrate the contribution of six community partners, Shule Mandela elementary school, East side preparatory Academy, Children’s preservation network (an after school program), Next Generation day care, Green oaks elementary school and MOMZ (Plugged In, 2000, p. 1). The project will work with third to eight grade students from Shule Mandela elementary school and ninth graders from East side preparatory school. East side preparatory school is a private school in the community. The project will also work with five to nine year olds from Next Generation Daycare. Comprehensively, the program will offer four types of classes in the following sequence: Shule Mandela, MOMZ, Project Hope international Enterprises and Multimedia productions. The first class will be aimed at teaching students how to use computers for creative projects. The first year will focus on introducing computers to students and the second year will be dedicated to introducing students to various types of computer applications such as Microsoft word and the likes. The second phase of the project ensures that, students are versed with the Macintosh operating system. A new class will be started annually. At the third stage of project implementation, students will be required to undertake a project, based on a specific topic area (either human trafficking or gender violence) using desktop publishing or multimedia production. The main aim of this project phase is to introduce students to various information technology projects students can undertake to make an impact in the community. Project Evaluation Since the entire program is divided into re spective stages, several evaluation criteria will be used. The first evaluation criterion will be the development of attendance sheets for all classes which will be compiled into weekly reports. Secondly, class journals will be kept by the respective instructors and sent to all relevant staff. These documents will also be made available online, for review by other stakeholders. Thirdly, a portfolio for each class will also be maintained to include the project outcome for every stage. Lastly, quizzes will also be conducted to test basic class competencies. Organizational Capacity Project Hope International has traditionally been known to be a melting point for most NGOs, donors, policy makers, professionals and other stakeholders in alleviating the social suffering brought about by human trafficking and gender-related violence (Academy for Educational Development, 2006, p. 1). The organization mainly aims to achieve this objective through education, advocacy, and coordination, among some of the stakeholders identified above. There are other NGOs which work with Project Hope International to achieve the same objectives and they include Polaris Project, Free the slaves, Fair fund, The Protection Project and the likes. Though there are many entrants fighting for fair gender treatment and against human trafficking in the society, Project Hope international is unique in its mandate because it has a wider outreach in the most significant areas where human trafficking and gender violence are most prevalent (Academy for Educational Development, 2006, p. 1). These places are Asia and Africa. Other organizations do not have such kind of presence in the continent. Financial Implications Project Hope International seeks $25,000 to finance part of the information technology literacy project. The cumulative total expense for the entire project is estimated at $83,000 for teenagers and children (more than 70% of this population group is targeted by the project) (Plugged In, 2 000, p. 1). If the project costs surpass the planned budget estimates, funds are going to be sourced from the organization’s contingency fund, but the same funds will be replenished within the shortest time possible. So far, there has been significant support from some professionals in the Information technology field who intend to undertake voluntary work within the project’s schedule. Also, as evidenced in earlier sections of this paper, there has been significant support from existing educational institutions in the local community. This project is expected to stretch beyond the period stipulated in the project timetable. This advancement is necessitated by the importance of expanding the educational outreach into other groups of people who would contribute towards the realization of the organization’s objectives. Funding for this expansion will be sourced from well wishers, donors and the organization’s contingency fund. Project Hope intends to acknow ledge the input of its sponsors by publishing their logos in local campaigns and brochures. Conclusion Project Hope International aims to improve the social wellbeing of several communities across the globe. However, it is a strong belief within the organization that, true social liberation, mainly in the areas of human trafficking and gender violence, can be achieved by educating the general populace about the issue and its dynamics. It is from this understanding that this paper seeks to source funding for the improvement of education through information technology. This project goes a long way to ensure the local community contributes to the fight against human trafficking and gender violence. References Academy for Educational Development. (2006). Project Hope International. Web. Bancroft, A. (2010). Importance Of Education: Illustrated In An Oration, Delivered  Before The Trustees, Preceptors Students Of Leicester Academy, On The  Fourth Of July, 1806; At Opening Of A New B uilding For The Use Of That Seminary. New York: Thomas Sturtevant. Fernando, A. (2007). Causes And Aftermaths Of The Economic, Political And Cultural  Migration In The Area Of The Caribbean And Central America During The Xxth  Century. New York: Editions Publibook. Kakkar, S. (2004). Educational Psychology. New York: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Mathur, K. (2004). Countering Gender Violence: Initiatives Towards Collective Action In  Rajasthan. New York: SAGE. Nicoll, K. (2006). Flexibility And Lifelong Learning: Policy, Discourse And Politics. London: Taylor Francis. Plugged In. (2000). Sample Grant proposal. Web. Scott, P. (2000). Higher Education Reformed. London: Routledge. This coursework on Project Hope International was written and submitted by user Shatterstar to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

UT Austin Admissions Essay Samples - Writing a Personal Statement Essay

UT Austin Admissions Essay Samples - Writing a Personal Statement EssayIf you are applying for UT Austin admission essays for freshman students, you should do your research and know that these papers are read by admissions officers. It is a good idea to include the information that they will want you to include. You can consider several points while preparing your UT Austin admission essay samples. The following are some of the most important tips for writing an appropriate UT Austin admission essay samples.o Set your UT Austin admission essay samples within the context of the overall essay. Your essay should not have your own point of view but should only reflect your ideas and thoughts about the student's application. Do not repeat yourself if you have to add something in your second paragraph or in your closing paragraph.o Keep your UT Austin admission essay samples brief. Write them in a matter of sentences and use words that you will remember if you need to refer to them later. Do not go beyond the five-paragraph limit for most essays.o Take your UT Austin admission essay samples into consideration when you have to write the academic paper. In the abstract section, you can mention those things that you have learned about UT Austin, how you learned about it, and about the class or the college you are taking. Also, mention your honors and other awards that you have received during your academic career. You may also mention what you learned from your parents.o After including your important facts, put down some kinds of questions that will help you in answering them. For example, ask yourself the question: How will this application benefit me? You should discuss this question with your advisor, so that he/she can give you a possible answer to it.o There are many considerations that are applied in your application. Some of them are the English requirements, GPA, and SAT / ACT scores.Writing a UT Austin admission essay samples is not easy, but it is very necess ary for those who are applying for admission to the university. You can find much help on the Internet for writing UT Austin admission essays samples, so make sure that you take the first step and prepare a sample for your essay before you submit it.

Prehistoric Life During the Cenozoic Era

Prehistoric Life During the Cenozoic Era Facts About the Cenozoic Era The Cenozoic Era is easy to define: its the stretch of geologic time that kicked off with the Cretaceous/Tertiary Extinction that destroyed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, and continues down to the present day. Informally, the Cenozoic Era is often referred to as the age of mammals, since it was only after the dinosaurs went extinct that mammals had the chance to radiate into various open ecological niches and dominate terrestrial life on the planet. This characterization is somewhat unfair, however, since (non-dinosaur) reptiles, birds, fish, and even invertebrates also thrived during the Cenozoic! Somewhat confusingly, the Cenozoic Era is divided into various periods and epochs, and scientists dont always use the same terminology when describing their research and discoveries. (This situation stands in stark contrast to the preceding Mesozoic Era, which is more-or-less neatly divided into the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.) Heres an overview of the subdivisions of the Cenozoic Era; just click on the appropriate links to see more in-depth articles about the geography, climate and prehistoric life of that period or epoch. The Periods and Epochs of the Cenozoic Era The Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago) was the age when the mammals began their rise to dominance. The Paleogene comprises three separate epochs: * The Paleocene epoch (65-56 million years ago) was fairly quiet in evolutionary terms. This is when the tiny mammals that survived the K/T Extinction first tasted their newfound freedom and began to tentatively explore new ecological niches; there were also plenty of plus-sized snakes, crocodiles and turtles. * The Eocene epoch (56-34 million years ago) was the longest epoch of the Cenozoic Era. The Eocene witnessed a vast profusion of mammalian forms; this was when the first even- and odd-toed ungulates appeared on the planet, as well as the first recognizable primates. * The Oligocene epoch (34-23 million years ago) is notable for its change in climate from the preceding Eocene, which opened up even more ecological niches for mammals. This was the epoch when certain mammals (and even some birds) began to evolve to respectable sizes. The Neogene period (23-2.6 million years ago) witnessed the continuing evolution of mammals and other forms of life, many of them to enormous sizes. The Neogene comprises two epochs: * The Miocene epoch (23-5 million years ago) takes up the lions share of the Neogene. Most of the mammals, birds and other animals that lived during this time would have been vaguely recognizable to human eyes, though often considerably bigger or stranger. * The Pliocene epoch (5-2.6 million years ago), often confused with the ensuing Pleistocene, was the time when many mammals migrated (often via land bridges) into the territories that they continue to inhabit during the present day. Horses, primates, elephants, and other animal types continued to make evolutionary progress. The Quaternary period (2.6 million years ago to the present) is, so far, the shortest of all the earths geologic periods. The Quaternary comprises two even shorter epochs: * The Pleistocene epoch (2.6 million-12,000 years ago) is famous for its large megafauna mammals, such as the Woolly Mammoth and the Saber-Toothed Tiger, that died off at the end of the last Ice Age (thanks partly to climate change and predation by the earliest humans). * The Holocene epoch (10,000 years ago-present) comprises pretty much all of modern human history. Unfortunately, this is also the epoch when many mammals, and other forms of life, have gone extinct due to the ecological changes wrought by human civilization.