Public Health Characteristics

Various individuals see fluctuating pictures undoubtedly. In addition, it can infer various thoughts relying upon the setting utilized. In the United States, there are different general wellbeing recognitions. General wellbeing alludes to the study of improving and guarding people’s health.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Public Health Characteristics explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is accomplished through procedures, for example, inquire about on sicknesses, upgrading solid ways of life, forestalling injury, and making mindfulness. General wellbeing specialists play an extraordinary obligation in surveying how nature, individual choices, and hereditary qualities impact wellbeing. Through the appraisal, they can think of systems for guarding social orders, families, and people. Open Health’s Contribution towards Improvement of Quality of Life and Health Status because of general wellbeing, people can live for longer period s. This is ascribed to the way that general wellbeing manages making mindfulness about the techniques that are best in forestalling ailments. Furthermore, people are prompted on suitable weight control plans, which advance sound safe frameworks. At the point when individuals know about anticipation of ailments and the noteworthiness of supplements in the body, they can take fitting measures, which protracts their lives. General wellbeing likewise manages ecological security. This guarantees air, land, and water contamination are forestalled. A spotless domain is indispensable for guaranteeing that water-borne and air-borne illnesses are forestalled (Webster, 2001). Therefore, this guarantees sound networks. General wellbeing is critical in guaranteeing more secure births. General wellbeing specialists advocate for better maternal and wellbeing administrations that involves the consideration of all age gatherings. The powerless gatherings, for example, youngsters matured under five y ears, hopeful and lactating moms, individuals experiencing incessant sicknesses, and HIV/AIDS casualties have their wellbeing needs thought about exhaustively. Thus, eager moms are ensured more secure births. Kids matured under five years, hopeful and lactating moms are given exhaustive medicinal services programs, which decrease maternal and newborn child mortality and bleakness. Authentic Phenomena Responsible for Public Health Responses’ Development A Quarantine alludes to a general wellbeing arrangement that was worked on during the fourteenth century. Different isolate frameworks were created as a technique of confining product and explorers accepted to be originating from contaminated locales. A dominant part of the urban specialists worked cordon sanitaire, which had exacting guidelines. These controls strategies were polished until the nineteenth century. This was especially during episodes, for example, cholera, measles, and chicken pox. In addition, the control stra tegies were planned for ensuring the wellbeing of individuals (Griffiths Hunter, 1999).Advertising Looking for paper on wellbeing medication? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the second quarter of the nineteenth century, â€Å"state medicine† was utilized. Through the ‘sanitary idea’, a predominant general wellbeing organization would be built up to guarantee that nearby specialists gave suitable road cleaning, sewers, and channels. Besides, there would be natural guideline of hostile organizations, annoyances, and lodging. Particular and Unique Public Health Features Public wellbeing gives isolate a critical job most definitely. The development of individuals and merchandise can go about as a method of moving general wellbeing perils. Along these lines, general wellbeing guarantees sharp observation. General wellbeing depends intensely on making and transmitting data on infection avoidance. There is a key worry that each individual has an incredible job in shielding their wellbeing, which advances a solid network. General wellbeing considers the destruction of smallpox an incredible achievement. Thusly, inoculation is a key general wellbeing highlight (Webster, 2001). References Griffiths, S., Hunter, D. J. (1999). Points of view in Public Health. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press. Webster, C. (2001). Thinking about wellbeing: History and assorted variety (third ed.). Buckingham: Open University Press. This paper on Public Health Characteristics was composed and put together by client Lawrence Walsh to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Venture - Essay Example Venture A). The markdown rate is the financing cost that is utilized in the assurance of the current estimation of all the future incomes. It tends to be taken as the financing costs that the banks acquire for their loaning from the government bank or the rate at which banks charge different banks for the time being borrowings. The rebate rate is controlled by a few variables. First is the general monetary conditions for example the rebate rate will increment during periods in which the swelling rates are high or when the outside trade rates are unpredictable (Bierman and Smidt, 2004). The second factor that impacts this rate is the attractiveness of a firm’s security. Firms whose protections are on appeal will encounter a decrease in their rebate rates. b) Product 1 pace of return The absolute profit in a year= 1.5*4=6 Year 1 pace of return= 1+discount/ostensible price*100 =1+6/100*100%=7% Year 2-4 rater of return= 6/100*100%=6% Year 5 pace of return= 6+6.4/100*100%=12.4% Normal pace of return= ((7+6+6+6+12.4)%)/(5 Years) =7.48% Item 2 pace of return= ostensible loan cost =6% Item 3 pace of return Year 1 pace of return=(7-2(premium))/100*100%= 5% Back 2 and 3 return= ostensible rate = 7% Item pace of return= ((5+7+7))/3=6.33% Item 1 looks progressively appealing in light of the fact that it has the most noteworthy pace of return contrasted with item 2 and 3.

Mongolia Tourism Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mongolia Tourism Article - Essay Example The results of the investigation were used in making proposals to the Mongolian the travel industry expert on productive focusing of its universal the travel industry market and improvement of the travel industry benefits in the nation. 2. Various elements have affected the development of global the travel industry in Mongolia. The breakdown of the eastern European socialism framework, poor financial conditions, timberland fires and unfriendly climate conditions made worldwide the travel industry in Mongolia to disintegrate somewhere in the range of 1990 and 1997. Business exercises brought sightseers from China and Russia Federation across Mongolia and this prompted a sharp improvement in Mongolian universal the travel industry in 1998. Different components that improved the travel industry in Mongolia incorporate great visa guidelines that empowered visitors to get visas at the Mongolian outskirt. The National Tourism Board that was proclaimed in 1995 helped showcase Mongolia as a positive the travel industry goal. Businessmen from Korea and Japan who worked in Mongolia spread news back in their nations of origin about Mongolia. The web helped bring issues to light about Mongolia, expanded openness to travel publi cizing and reservations and made them less expensive. The great impression that Mongolia made in its initial Japanese and Korean guests was another factor in the improvement of the travel industry in the nation (Yu and Goulden, 2006). 3. Intellectual measurement is one of the develops through which the travel industry fulfillment can be seen. The measurement involves tourists’ involvement in administrations. Tourists’ response to support execution is caught in the full of feeling measurement of the travel industry. Foundational measurement of the travel industry expresses the dissimilarity between the administrations that sightseers expect and things that they get while on the ground. The multifaceted elements of the travel industry stress the effect that social contrast has on tourists’ view of administration conveyance and quality. The measurement figures that the contrast between the

Product Level Planning

Chapter by chapter guide Executive Summary 2 Market examination 3 SWOT Analysis 4-7 Objectives 7 Marketing Strategy 8 Action Program 9 Financial Projection 10 Feedback and Control 10 Conclusion 11 References 11 Executive Summery Cement Industry is exceptionally significant portion of Bangladesh’s Industrial segment and Plays an indispensable job in financial development.Although concrete industry of Bangladesh has seen its ups and down in late past yet in a decade ago it has recouped and now it’s an independent industry of Bangladesh not just satisfying household needs of Bangladesh likewise trading an enormous measure of concrete to different nations, bringing remote stores and help in up lifting Bangladesh’s GDP. Bangladesh is presently working at their greatest limit because of the blast in business and modern development inside Bangladesh.In this report I have chosen ‘Anchor' concrete, Olympic Cement Ltd (OCL) of ‘Khansons Group’ essentiall y called dark concrete and we will portray how they do item anticipating that? Khansons Group has broadened its modern field by setting up a clinker granulating concrete plant named as ‘Olympic Cement Ltd'. The plant is situated at Rupatoli, Barisal all in succession alongside its material ventures. The completed item (concrete) has been marked as ‘Anchor' and the equivalent has gotten famous in the nearby market. This concrete task started its underlying creation at 800 tpd and bit by bit expanded the creation to the degree of 1,600 tpd.Olympic Cement Ltd (OCL) is one and just concrete processing plant which has focused to satisfy the whole need of concrete in Southern Bengal. Accordingly, OCL has focused its deals on a taking off pattern by expanding creation volume. OCL is keeping up the notoriety of its quality item and focusing on the all-inclusive undertaking in days to come. Current Market Situation Overall Market Situation Bangladesh concrete industry is the 40th biggest market on the planet. There are 70+ concrete industrial facilities in Bangladesh and every day creation limit is 16. 687 Million MT.In January 2012, Bangladesh’s Export Promotion Bureau discharged information affirming that concrete fares had seen a 21% expansion in the initial seven months of the current financial year (July 2011 †January 2012). The lift in the concrete area is a result of the rising development movement in the nation and expanding advancement use by the govt. Because of this the deals of concrete division will likewise rise each year. Item Situation Since Cement is a specific item, requiring advanced foundation and creation area, in this way, Most of the concrete ventures in Bangladesh are situated close/inside a stream side that are rich in clay.Iron and mineral limit so ‘Anchor’ concrete is arranged close to the bank of waterway ‘Kirton Khola’. Stay concrete introduced limit is 1,600 tpd at present with the turnover of 50 crore in a year. Serious Situation: In serious circumstance we will depict all the contenders of Anchor Cement delivering dark concrete. There are 70 + firms in the market alongside Anchor Cement. Every one of these organizations are utilizing distinctive showcasing strategies to grape however much piece of the overall industry as could reasonably be expected yet they are acting like a cartel under the tree of APCMA.They are creating same nature of concrete with all most same cost and highlights that’s why rivalry in the market is extreme for nearby just as outside market. All are utilizing same mass and infiltration methodologies to cover significant part of the market. Some are utilizing cost initiative system however because of cartel act conduct they are not getting the objective outcomes that they need to accomplish. Presently Crown concrete is the market chief while Anchor concrete is a specialty in the national market however it is the pioneer in the nearby mark et of Barisal and southern piece of Bangladesh. Conveyance Situation:Anchor Cement Company utilizes various channels of appropriations to move the dark concrete from organization to the distinctive piece of Bangladesh. †¢ACC > Whole Sellers > Retailor> Customer †¢ACC > Retailors> Customer †¢ACC > Customer †¢ACC > Regional Offices > w/s Retailors Macro-Environmental Situation Macro ecological factors straightforwardly or by implication impact the creation of the organization and its market. Large scale Environmental variables are the components that are not in the control of the organization. These elements are†¦.. 1. Political 2. Law and request circumstance 3. Social qualities 4. Mechanical change . Segment patterns 6. Financial Condition 7. Expansion Opportunity and Issue Analysis After finishing the market examination now we will do investigation of chances and issues for the ACC. Opportunity is an opportunity of progress or headwa y that is accessible in the market and the organization needs to benefit it for the advancement and gainfulness while issues are the shortcoming or risk for the organization to stay away from or settled down. For this reason we need to do SWOT investigation of ACC. Quality of ACC Strengths are the inward positive variables of bit of leeway that an organization has. Following is the quality of ACC. Introduced Capacity: Installed limit of organization is 16. 687 Million MT day by day and they are delivering 6007. 32 MT for each annum so they can surpass the creation effectively by appropriate actualizing their showcasing blend procedures and it will legitimately build benefits of the organization. oRaw Material: Anchor Cement Company is arranged close to the bank of the stream kirtonkhola. So they can without much of a stretch benefit the gigantic hold of crude materials with an exceptionally minimal effort as contrast with other competitors’ as their expense of material is hig h. oHigh Quality of ACC: Quality of ACC is far superior to the standard set by Bangladesh and importers.Quality of creation is superior to a large portion of the rivals in the market. oCheap Labor: They are utilizing modest work market of Bangladesh which is quality of them and because of this their cost is low as contrast with different compotators. oGood Govt. Strategies: Local and government govts. Approaches are strong and great for the concrete part. They are getting numerous advantages in term of power and so forth from BD govt. So over all ACC is getting a charge out of good condition made by Government. Shortcoming of ACC Weaknesses are the interior negative variables of an organization that ought to be maintained a strategic distance from or to be controlled.Following are the negative elements of ACC. oNot Utilization of Full Capacity: ACC isn't using its full limit of creation of dark concrete. They can deliver more per annum so not using their full limit is likewise their impediment which they should change over it into circumstance. oFuel and Electricity Charges: ACC cost involves over half expenses of fuel and power. So they ought to limit these costs as much as could be expected under the circumstances. It can truly help them in inspiring their piece of the pie and development and benefit too. They can change over their framework or can create their own power by putting resources into this part. The board: ACC significant sheets of chiefs are from a similar family which is likewise a negative factor of them. So they ought to present equipped personnel’s in the organization for the development. oFreight Charges: Freight or transportation charges to different pieces of the nation are likewise an issue for them which ought to be settled down as quickly as time permits. They ought to limit their costs to profit more prominent markets present in different pieces of Bangladesh. Open doors for ACC Opportunities are chances for progress or headway that is accessible in the market and the organization needs to benefit it for the advancement and profitability.These are certain outside variables. Following are the open doors accessible for ACC. oGovernment Development Expenditure: Govt: is spending tremendous sum on advancement ventures like streets, schools, medical clinics, dams and foundation and so on. ACC can benefit these open doors by reacting on time to these ventures. oConstruction of Big undertakings: Recently there are numerous enormous activities are going on Bangladesh like development of Jamuna future park, numerous elevated structures and so on, additionally in across the country and in Barisal.ACC ought to investigate every one of these chances to expand its piece of the pie. oDemand of Bangladeshi Cement: Recently Bangladeshi concrete interest is expanding step by step in remote markets so ACC can improve its outside piece of the pie. This will be truly ideal and productive for them. Dangers for ACC Threats are the negative factors that are accessible in the outside situations. These are unhidden dangers that are sitting tight for and organization ought to be prepared or arranged to tickle down every one of these dangers for their reality and endurance. Following are the dangers accessible for ACC. High Energy Prices: Energy costs are continually expanding in Bangladesh and overall which is legitimately influencing the productivity of ACC since significant part of cost comprises of fuel and vitality costs so they should discover elective wellspring of vitality to limit the expense of merchandise. oHigh level of Taxes and Custom obligation: High degree of cost and custom obligation are influencing its benefit. So govt. should make valuable strides for the improvement of the businesses. oCompetitors: There are 70+ firms in concrete industry which make the opposition very tough.Each firm is endeavoring to get as much offer as possible and they are utilizing various strategies to exceed expec tations their deals. Along these lines, ACC should make appropriate strides for its development while mulling over all the Competitors. oPolitical Instability: It is likewise a fundamental risk for ACC since it gets changes laws and guideline appropriately. Goals After breaking down all the variables now we will set the destinations or targets we can say, for ACC that will be accomplished in the following budgetary year of the organization. Our targets ought to be ? Explicit ?Measurable ?Achievable ?Realistic ?Time bound There are 2 sorts of goals which are: Financial Objectives †¢Marketing Objectives Financial Objectives: Financial targets are connected with the money related execution of the organization or essentially destinations

Startup Hubs Around the World Istanbul

Startup Hubs Around the World Istanbul 1. LOCATIONAt the intersection of Asia and Europe is the country of Turkey. On the shore of the Bosphorus sits the largest city in the country: Instanbul. The rich history of this Turkish city gives an old-world feel to the streets, making it possible to imagine the city as it had been in ages past. Today, however, the streets are filled with a new vibrancy, and the start-up market is starting to take notice. Perched in between two markets that comprise a majority of the world’s population, the city of Istanbul is becoming a hub that is attracting global attention. Within a four hour flight’s reach from some of the world’s largest cities, Istanbul is an attractive to entrepreneurs who need to connect with the outside world, as well as to investors who are looking to have access to their vested interests.2. TAX INCENTIVESThe government of Turkey has established incentive programs to encourage entrepreneurs to begin calling Istanbul home. The development of economic zones has led to technoparks where Research Development (RD) companies can apply to use office space. Low interest, government backed five year loans are available for RD projects that the government approves of, in addition to funding of up to half of engineering costs through grants for government approved projects. For any product developed in the technopark, the company can receive tax exemption for up to ten years of corporate income tax. Payroll tax exemption is also given for engineers who work within the technopark, making it attractive to start-ups looking to maintain a workspace.As enticing as the tax benefits sound, however, there are some strings attached to these governmental gifts. To begin with, the grants and funding provided by the government are based on projects that the government approves of â€" narrowing the field to ideas that are considered worthwhile or important by the Turkish government. In addition, loan money is only granted to start-ups who are able to acquire a ba nk guarantee. The catch-22 here? If a company could get a bank guarantee, they wouldn’t need the loan from the government.Establishing technoparks and offering grants is beneficial to the growing entrepreneurial marketplace in Istanbul. Unfortunately, however, the government assistance seems to end there. While the government asserts that start-ups are vital, there are no real policies in place to support the start-up, nor are there established plans to encourage growth in this area. The government is beginning to slowly focus on assisting the fledgling start-up community, but change is measure in slow increments for this country that boasts of a history almost 2,000 years old. There is an indication that governmental support will grow in the years to come, which should help to further increase interest in the start-up community.3. LEGAL INCENTIVESThe climate of Istanbul towards entrepreneurs is surprisingly welcoming. According to a survey done in 2012, Turkey ranked 13th as a ho spitable destination for foreign businesses. As a foreigner wishing to establish a business within the Turkish city, the simple residence permit allows entrepreneurs to live in Turkey as well as establish a business. Ownership is easily established, with an easy to navigate system of paperwork. In contrast to other nations, Turkish law mandates that a business have at least two owners, but one may have as little as 0.5% ownership. This allows for start-ups to easily create an ownership structure that is functional and financially beneficial. Foreigners are also able to buy property in Istanbul and there are no limitations on ownership based on gender or nationality.The framework for establishing a business within Istanbul is in place, but is not supported by a strong legal or judicial system. While recent developments have begun to change the governmental support of businesses, there is a lack of trust in the government to enforce legal policies. This may lead to a lack of willingne ss to both begin a start-up within Istanbul or to invest in a start-up. Both sides of a start-up are in a position to lose in a battle that comes down to legalities. Without enforcement of intellectual property, the investor can lose their money while the entrepreneur loses their company.4. AVAILABILITY OF INVESTORSIstanbul boasts of a thriving angel investor network. Galata Business Angels has a highly organized platform for investing in early-stage start-ups. These individuals with high net-worth are leading the way for people to discover the available investment opportunities that Turkey has to offer. In addition to the angel investors, there are a growing number of venture capital funds that are branching into the Turkish market. Investment firms from all over the globe are turning their attention, and their money, towards the small city of Istanbul in hopes that they will be on the cusp of the next big start-up.The Istanbul Venture Capital Initiative reported earlier this year that a minimum of 50 active funds are looking for investment opportunities within the city. There are several incubators that attract attention from potential investors, and the growing number of technoparks has helped to establish the area as a viable market.While the interest in Istanbul’s start-up market may be growing, the number of foreign investors in the marketplace is slow to catch up. This may be due to the challenges of getting Turkish companies to the forefront of the global stage and attracting the venture capitalist’s attention. A much needed infusion of Turkish investors who are willing to act as a source of venture capital will help to propel the start-up market place, but they have not been forthcoming in large numbers.In addition to developing a larger pool of early investors, Istanbul must also seek to establish a network of growth investors for secondary stage investments. These investors are rare within the Istanbul tech marketplace, and are essential for the start-up community wishing to move beyond the magic three year time frame that most start-ups need to become successful.The successful hosting of events that draw potential investors from around the globe is serving to not only jumpstart interest in the start-up fields, but also works to provide foreigners and locals the opportunity to preview the developments coming out of Istanbul. A collective organizational group that works to promote such events, as well as provide training and collaboration between existing start-ups would be beneficial.Turkeys Startup Scene 5. AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL RESOURCES AND WORKFORCEThere is a dichotomy between the growing start-up culture and the traditional Turkish way of life. With a vibrant, young workforce, the available employees are more educated than ever before in Turkish history. Overall, 70% of the country’s population is under 35 â€" giving the country a wide market of consumers and workforce potential. With a large rising generation of pe ople who are tech savvy, there are multiple opportunities for start-ups to attract attention. In addition, of the population’s 78 million people, almost half are connected to the internet giving Turkey one of the internet’s fifth largest audiences. Economically, the Turkish way of life is thriving and the average worker is earning double their wages from just a decade ago. The government structure is steady, which lends stability to the country as it struggles to re-invent itself as a modern day hub for the changing world.Within Istanbul, the city has access to some of the brightest minds in Turkey. Well-educated nationals who studied abroad have been returning to their native land and are bringing a renewed interest in entrepreneurial efforts within the country.  Building a potential workforce with the higher skills necessary within the tech market has great potential for the future of Istanbul’s ability to be competitive on the world’s stage.Despite the availability of in vestors, the relatively easy regulations for entrepreneurs and the large available workforce, there are areas of concern within Istanbul that may influence the future start-up market. Governmental policies tend to lean toward Islamic ideologies. Recent protests indicate that there is unrest simmering beneath the surface of the residents of the country. An indication of unrest makes investors uneasy, especially in a market that has not yet proven itself as a successful start-up hub. Current indications of government bribery, coercion and corruption have created an environment that is not conducive to trust â€" a vital element of the start-up market. The Istanbul entrepreneur market is trying to regain some of the advances they had previously made, but only time will tell how successful they will be.In addition to the governmental hurdles, the infrastructure of the country is a huge challenge. Availability of dependable power and water supplies is a problem for companies running high powered computer systems and networks. For a tech-based start-up, power outages can spell disaster, and they happen with regularity. Logistically, foreigners (and even locals) can have a hard time navigating the winding roads of the ancient city. Large amounts of traffic congest the roads, making stop and go traffic the norm â€" not the exception.The negative side of the start-up market in Istanbul can be daunting. One can argue, however, that for any entrepreneur wading into the start-up industry, there will always be a downside. There will always be obstacles that keep people from taking the leap into entrepreneurship; in a way it is a self-selecting process that weeds out the weaker candidates. For the entrepreneur in Istanbul, there needs to be more than a sense of adventure behind the drive for a start-up: the road is long, bumpy and difficult. The payoff, however, can be enormous in a place that is waiting for their first big exit.6. SPECIALIZATION Istanbul has often been seen as the bridge between East and West. A cosmopolitan city with a culture dating back centuries, it is a mix of driven young professionals, and businesses that have been around for generations. More and more entrepreneurs are headed to Istanbul to setup their start-ups. © Shutterstock.com | SeqoyaIn this article about Istanbul, we look at  six essential elements  of a potential start-up location that must be considered: 1)  location, 2)  tax incentives, 3)  legal incentives, 4)  availability of investors, 5)  local resources and workforce, and 6)  specialization.1. LOCATIONAt the intersection of Asia and Europe is the country of Turkey. On the shore of the Bosphorus sits the largest city in the country: Instanbul. The rich history of this Turkish city gives an old-world feel to the streets, making it possible to imagine the city as it had been in ages past. Today, however, the streets are filled with a new vibrancy, and the start-up market is starting to take notice. Perched in between two markets that comprise a majority of the world’s population, the city of Istanbul is becoming a hub that is attracting global attention. Within a four hour flight’s reach from some of the world’s largest cities, Istanbul is an attractive to entrepreneurs who need to connect with the outside world, as well as to investors who are looking to have access to their vested interests.2. TAX INCENTIVESThe government of Turkey has established incentive programs to encourage entrepreneurs to begin calling Istanbul home. The development of economic zones has led to technoparks where Research Development (RD) companies can apply to use office space. Low interest, government backed five year loans are available for RD projects that the government approves of, in addition to funding of up to half of engineering costs through grants for government approved projects. For any product developed in the technopark, the company can receive tax exemption for up to ten years of corporate income tax. Payroll tax exemption is also given for engineers who work within the technopark, making it attractive to start-ups looking to maintain a workspace.As enticing as the tax benefits sound, however, there are some strings attached to these governmental gifts. To be gin with, the grants and funding provided by the government are based on projects that the government approves of â€" narrowing the field to ideas that are considered worthwhile or important by the Turkish government. In addition, loan money is only granted to start-ups who are able to acquire a bank guarantee. The catch-22 here? If a company could get a bank guarantee, they wouldn’t need the loan from the government.Establishing technoparks and offering grants is beneficial to the growing entrepreneurial marketplace in Istanbul. Unfortunately, however, the government assistance seems to end there. While the government asserts that start-ups are vital, there are no real policies in place to support the start-up, nor are there established plans to encourage growth in this area. The government is beginning to slowly focus on assisting the fledgling start-up community, but change is measure in slow increments for this country that boasts of a history almost 2,000 years old. There is an indication that governmental support will grow in the years to come, which should help to further increase interest in the start-up community.3. LEGAL INCENTIVESThe climate of Istanbul towards entrepreneurs is surprisingly welcoming. According to a survey done in 2012, Turkey ranked 13th as a hospitable destination for foreign businesses. As a foreigner wishing to establish a business within the Turkish city, the simple residence permit allows entrepreneurs to live in Turkey as well as establish a business. Ownership is easily established, with an easy to navigate system of paperwork. In contrast to other nations, Turkish law mandates that a business have at least two owners, but one may have as little as 0.5% ownership. This allows for start-ups to easily create an ownership structure that is functional and financially beneficial. Foreigners are also able to buy property in Istanbul and there are no limitations on ownership based on gender or nationality.The framework for establ ishing a business within Istanbul is in place, but is not supported by a strong legal or judicial system. While recent developments have begun to change the governmental support of businesses, there is a lack of trust in the government to enforce legal policies. This may lead to a lack of willingness to both begin a start-up within Istanbul or to invest in a start-up. Both sides of a start-up are in a position to lose in a battle that comes down to legalities. Without enforcement of intellectual property, the investor can lose their money while the entrepreneur loses their company.4. AVAILABILITY OF INVESTORSIstanbul boasts of a thriving angel investor network. Galata Business Angels has a highly organized platform for investing in early-stage start-ups. These individuals with high net-worth are leading the way for people to discover the available investment opportunities that Turkey has to offer. In addition to the angel investors, there are a growing number of venture capital fund s that are branching into the Turkish market. Investment firms from all over the globe are turning their attention, and their money, towards the small city of Istanbul in hopes that they will be on the cusp of the next big start-up.The Istanbul Venture Capital Initiative reported earlier this year that a minimum of 50 active funds are looking for investment opportunities within the city. There are several incubators that attract attention from potential investors, and the growing number of technoparks has helped to establish the area as a viable market.While the interest in Istanbul’s start-up market may be growing, the number of foreign investors in the marketplace is slow to catch up. This may be due to the challenges of getting Turkish companies to the forefront of the global stage and attracting the venture capitalist’s attention. A much needed infusion of Turkish investors who are willing to act as a source of venture capital will help to propel the start-up market place, b ut they have not been forthcoming in large numbers.In addition to developing a larger pool of early investors, Istanbul must also seek to establish a network of growth investors for secondary stage investments. These investors are rare within the Istanbul tech marketplace, and are essential for the start-up community wishing to move beyond the magic three year time frame that most start-ups need to become successful.The successful hosting of events that draw potential investors from around the globe is serving to not only jumpstart interest in the start-up fields, but also works to provide foreigners and locals the opportunity to preview the developments coming out of Istanbul. A collective organizational group that works to promote such events, as well as provide training and collaboration between existing start-ups would be beneficial.Turkeys Startup Scene 5. AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL RESOURCES AND WORKFORCEThere is a dichotomy between the growing start-up culture and the traditional Turkish way of life. With a vibrant, young workforce, the available employees are more educated than ever before in Turkish history. Overall, 70% of the country’s population is under 35 â€" giving the country a wide market of consumers and workforce potential. With a large rising generation of people who are tech savvy, there are multiple opportunities for start-ups to attract attention. In addition, of the population’s 78 million people, almost half are connected to the internet giving Turkey one of the internet’s fifth largest audiences. Economically, the Turkish way of life is thriving and the average worker is earning double their wages from just a decade ago. The government structure is steady, which lends stability to the country as it struggles to re-invent itself as a modern day hub for the changing world.Within Istanbul, the city has access to some of the brightest minds in Turkey. Well-educated nationals who studied abroad have been returning to their native land and are bringing a renewed interest in entrepreneurial efforts within the country.  Building a potential workforce with the higher skills necessary within the tech market has great potential for the future of Istanbul’s ability to be competitive on the world’s stage.Despite the availability of investors, the relatively easy regulations for entrepreneurs and the large available workforce, there are areas of concern within Istanbul that may influence the future start-up market. Governmental policies tend to lean toward Islamic ideologies. Recent protests indicate that there is unrest simmering beneath the surface of the residents of the country. An indication of unrest makes investors uneasy, especially in a market that has not yet proven itself as a successful start-up hub. Current indications of government bribery, coercion and corruption have created an environment that is not conducive to trust â€" a vital element of the start-up market. The Istanbul entrepreneur market is tryin g to regain some of the advances they had previously made, but only time will tell how successful they will be.In addition to the governmental hurdles, the infrastructure of the country is a huge challenge. Availability of dependable power and water supplies is a problem for companies running high powered computer systems and networks. For a tech-based start-up, power outages can spell disaster, and they happen with regularity. Logistically, foreigners (and even locals) can have a hard time navigating the winding roads of the ancient city. Large amounts of traffic congest the roads, making stop and go traffic the norm â€" not the exception.The negative side of the start-up market in Istanbul can be daunting. One can argue, however, that for any entrepreneur wading into the start-up industry, there will always be a downside. There will always be obstacles that keep people from taking the leap into entrepreneurship; in a way it is a self-selecting process that weeds out the weaker can didates. For the entrepreneur in Istanbul, there needs to be more than a sense of adventure behind the drive for a start-up: the road is long, bumpy and difficult. The payoff, however, can be enormous in a place that is waiting for their first big exit.6. SPECIALIZATIONThe trends in Istanbul seem to be leaning towards e-commerce industries, followed by commerce and service industries. While there are a large number of tech industries starting, and the number is growing daily, a majority of the start-ups in Istanbul are focused on localized, e-commerce solutions. The push towards tech industries is being helped by the addition of technically advanced classes at the university level, and the growing interest in the global marketplace. Entrepreneurs need to be cautious that they are developing new and innovative methodologies â€" not simply copying existing platforms. Out of five of the largest start-up investments in a recent year, only one was in the tech industry. While the e-commer ce industry is important, if Istanbul wants to be a global player, they must turn their attention towards global initiatives.Notable start-ups that have come out of Istanbul:Trendyol. Trendyol is an e-commerce site that offers users access to fashion items, home textiles, home electronics and more. Boasting a “new way to shop”, Trendyol has brought some of the world’s fashions to Turkey, and has opened the door for Turkish consumers to experience global outreach.Yemeksepeti. Driving the home based food ordering system in Turkey is Yemeksepeti. The company has a network of restaurants that users can order from, without the addition of extra fees. The listing of participating restaurants includes local and global chains. The company has expanded to include several other Arab countries, but is primarily a locally centered company.Grupanya. A namesake of global Groupon, the cost-saving group offers discounted rates on a variety of items and services.GittiGidiyor. A clone of shoppi ng giant eBay, the GittiGidiyor is another example of how Istanbul’s start-up market is focusing on commerce opportunities. The online auction provider is making in-roads into the Turkish marketplace and is growing in use.CitusDB. The database analytics start-up that is going head to head with Oracle, the open-source tool is one of the tech based start-ups to watch from Istanbul. Developers claim that the CituDB processes will increase database performance with faster queries and more efficient optimizations.The start-up market in Istanbul is filled with complexities. The pieces for a successful launch into the tech market are all in place, but they are surrounded by a tenuous landscape that threatens to overtake any potential success. As the world watches, Istanbul (and Turkey) is wrestling with issues and ideologies that have ramifications for personal freedoms, creative thinking, global perspectives and more. As they establish their position regarding these issues, they will be , in effect, establishing the future for their start-up market. Without entrepreneurship, there is no start-up potential. Finding the balance between the past ideologies and modern ideals is essential to the growth of Istanbul as a start-up hub.

Philosophy Tutor Pain and Pleasure

Bet you didn't think we could work a picture of The Rock and Marky Mark into a philosophy blog, did you? Philosophy students! Let it never be said that I, your philosophy tutor, never showed you that philosophy can and does impact the real world. The philosopher Peter Singer’s 1975 book, Animal Liberation, has had a tremendous impact on our contemporary world (as have several other of his books). It not only helped bring attention to the ways the animal meat we eat is manufactured, it provided powerful arguments that those ways are morally impermissible which have given animus to many individuals and movements to change their eating habits and advocate for agricultural reform. Part of his argument might be summed up by saying, pain is pain! It makes no difference whether pain happens inside of non-human animals or human animals--we have an obligation to minimize it as much as possible and to not inflict it merely for our own comfort or leisure. I was reminded of Singer’s work this week when I read this article appearing in the New York Times trying to argue that raising an imals for food is not so bad so long as we can do it without inflicting unnecessary suffering on them (though the author recognizes that this would still require major consumer and agricultural reform). I’m not here to discuss the question of vegetarianism itself today. II will neither try to add to the debate nor try to advocate for one position over another, though I highly recommend reading the works above. Rather, I would like to briefly discuss some general philosophical issues raised by the debate that deserve treatment of their own, answers to which may carry consequences for the ethical issues. As is my usual modus operandi, I will try to raise questions and provoke thinking, rather than try to persuade. Singer and others have essentially argued that the location of pain is morally irrelevant. All pain deserves moral consideration, no matter what kind of body (human or otherwise) it belongs to. Now, of course the same kind of pain can be caused in multiple places. I’m pretty sure of that because I’ve stubbed both my right and my left big toes and I can testify that the pain is pretty much the same in both places. Any being that has the same neurophysiology associated with their toes (or similar appendages) will almost surely experience the same sort of pain as I do when they bang said toes or appendages against something hard. But are all pains basically of the same type? Let me try to get clearer about what I mean. On the one hand, we certainly do make some kind of distinctions in types of pains. We talk about â€Å"dull† vs. â€Å"sharp† pains. And we say that some are more intense than others. Certainly some have different behavioral effects than others. Virtually any adult can restrain from showing any signs of being in pain when lightly pinched. But virtually no one has the power to refrain from involuntarily exhibiting a number of pain-related behaviors upon badly fracturing a bone. But these distinctions in kinds of pains are relatively superficial compared to what I have in mind. My question is whether there are pains, or (more broadly) negative effects, that are so qualitatively different from the kinds of physical ailments we undergo from day to day that they deserve another name altogether. Whether there are negative experiences that require more sophisticated experiential capacity to undergo, to feel, and to understand. Consider, for instance, the experience of contemplating your own death. Not when you are facing the possibility of immanent death, so that your physiological defense mechanisms are aroused. But when you are otherwise relaxed and unoccupied. Many people report feelings not just of fear (as when faced with immediate threat) but a special kind of terror accompanied by feelings of uncanniness, absurdity, etc. Such feelings clearly have negative affective quality to them. But are they best described as painful? Could they be assessed on the same scale as garden variety pains? On the flip side, consider pleasure. I get a lot of it when I eat certain foods. I remember a time in my life when there was little more enjoyable than eating one of my favorite treats. And my best guess after watching many dogs eat is that they derive a certain amount of pleasure from eating as well. But are the experiences of my younger self and of dogs when chowing on our favorite foods all there is to pleasure or feelings of good affect? Are all the experiences I seek out just more or less intense versions of that exact type of feeling I had as a youth? Consider activities like setting a long term goal, working hard to achieve it, and then accomplishing it; being able to understand some great idea or work of art or piece of music and appreciating what makes it so good; deeply connecting on multiple different levels with another person through an intense conversation. Are the positive feelings associated with such activities the same type of state as those caused by the gustatory sensations from a lollipop? If not, what is the best way to describe them? What makes them different? I have been suggesting that there may be feelings with positive and negative valence that are not reducible to pleasure or pain. And if there are such feelings, they certainly deserve moral consideration--at least as much as pleasure and pain. Even more, though, it is worth wondering whether whatever machinery that makes it possible to experience these more sophisticated positive and negative affects also â€Å"reach down† and influence how basic pain and pleasure are experienced. Answers to such descriptive questions about how minds operate may affect how we reason about ethical issues such as the one mentioned at the start.

The Myth About Learning How to Make Ricin from the Internet

As the story unfolds about the man associated with the ricin found in the Las Vegas hotel room, questions arise as to what he was doing with the ricin and the castor beans. The answers to those question are unknown. It is not even certain the man knew about the ricin in the room. Since he remains in a coma, those questions will have to wait. What We Know So far we know the occupant of the hotel room who was hospitalized for respiratory problems was a 57-year-old-man. There were three pets found in the room. One pet is deceased, apparently due to lack of food and water and not from ricin poisoning. The other two animals are fine. According to a CNN report, in addition to a vial containing ricin, the room also contained castor beans, guns, and an anarchist type textbook.   Bad Advice When I started writing about the chemistry behind AMCs Breaking Bad tv show, I learned that it really is true you can learn how to make crystal meth from instructions freely available on the Internet. Would anyone want to use those instructions? Id hope not... I tried to describe all the reasons making meth is dangerous to yourself and others. The question has arisen as to whether a person could learn to make ricin from information freely available on the internet. Im not going to give you a definitive no since I didnt follow every single link on the subject, but I will say the top links that supposedly tell you how to purify ricin using lye and acetone contain many factual errors. Probably the only good advice given in the instructions is to remove the coat from the seeds. Also, any website that tells you ricin can be obtained from castor oil is wrong. Castor oil is essentially free from the toxin. If you are a terrorist or looking to purify the toxin for other purposes, youre a stu pid terrorist if you think instructions posted on the web by an anonymous source are reliable or that duplicating erroneous instructions across multiple websites magically makes the instructions correct. Can you learn how to make ricin from a Google search? I didnt see any accurate instructions. Can you poison yourself with castor beans? You could, but you can poison yourself with rhubarb or death cap mushrooms, too. In my opinion, ricin is sensationalized because its so very toxic. Would I stay in the Las Vegas hotel room after they clean it up? No. Am I worried about wackos suddenly making ricin because its newsy? No. Even if they wanted to, the instructions are not readily available.Update on Ricin in Las VegasRicin Found at a Las Vegas MotelRicin RCA from Castor Beans | What You Need to Know about Chemical Weapons